Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Towards a universal framework for heat pump monitoring at scale Cover

Towards a universal framework for heat pump monitoring at scale

Open Access
|Jan 2026

References

  1. Barnes, J., Silvonen, T., Taylor, M., & Rosenow, J. (2024). Accelerating heat pump diffusion in the UK: Emergent tensions and priority areas for change. Oxford Open Energy, 3. 10.1093/ooenergy/oiae008
  2. BEIS. (2016). Heat meter accuracy testing. Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/heat-meter-accuracy-testing
  3. Bradford, J., & Byrne, T. (2013). The UK heat pump field trial: Findings from phase 2. ECEEE Summer Study, ‘Rethink, Renew, Restart’, Toulon, France. https://proceedings.eceee.org/papers/proceedings2013/7-100-13_Bradford.pdf
  4. Brudermueller, T., Potthoff, U., Fleisch, E., Wortmann, F., & Staake, T. (2025). Estimation of energy efficiency of heat pumps in residential buildings using real operation data. Nature Communications, 16(1), 2834. 10.1038/s41467-025-58014-y
  5. Carroll, P., Chesser, M., & Lyons, P. (2020). Air source heat pumps field studies: A systematic literature review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 134, 110275. 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110275
  6. CEN. (2018). EN 50470-1:2006+A1:2018: Electricity metering equipment (a.c.). General requirements, tests and test conditions. Metering equipment (class indexes A, B and C). European Committee for Standardization (CEN). https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030361398
  7. CEN. (2022a). EN 14825:2022: Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps, with electrically driven compressors, for space heating and cooling, commercial and process cooling. Testing and rating at part load conditions and calculation of seasonal performance. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030419055
  8. CEN. (2022b). EN 14511-3:2022-TC Tracked Changes: Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps for space heating and cooling and process chillers, with electrically driven compressors. Test methods. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030485335
  9. CEN. (2024a). Thermal performance of buildings. In situ testing of completed buildings—Part 1: Data collection for aggregate heat loss test (EN 17887-1:2024). CEN. https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030437136
  10. CEN. (2024b). Thermal performance of buildings. In situ testing of completed buildings—Part 2: Steady-state data analysis for aggregate heat loss test (EN 17887-2:2024). CEN. https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030437133
  11. CEN. (2025). EN 1434-3:2025: Thermal energy meters. Data exchange and interfaces. European Committee for Standardization (CEN). [For the similar British Standard, BS EN 1434-3:2025, see https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030466788]
  12. Colclough, S., Hegarty, R. O., Murray, M., Lennon, D., Rieux, E., Colclough, M., & Kinnane, O. (2022). Post occupancy evaluation of 12 retrofit nZEB dwellings: The impact of occupants and high in-use interior temperatures on the predictive accuracy of the nZEB energy standard. Energy and Buildings, 254, 111563. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111563
  13. DESNZ. (2025). GHG SMETER Project Final Report: The application and assessment of SMETER methods in determining the change in thermal performance of homes retrofitted through the Green Homes Grant. Department for Energy Security & Net Zero (DESNZ). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/68b1af753f3e5483efdba816/GHG-SMETER-report.pdf
  14. Domoney, L., Kinnane, O., & O’Sullivan, P. (2023, 5–7 July). Evaluation of air source heat pump in-situ performance monitoring approaches. In 1st International Conference of Net Zero Carbon Built Environment, Nottingham, UK. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leon-Domoney/publication/388954434_Evaluation_of_Air_Source_Heat_Pump_In-Situ_Performance_Monitoring_Approaches/links/67ae04ff8311ce680c61b4fe/Evaluation-of-Air-Source-Heat-Pump-In-Situ-Performance-Monitoring-Approaches.pdf
  15. EDOL. (2023). EDOL: The Energy Demand Observatory and Laboratory. https://edol.uk/
  16. EHPA. (2024). REPowerEU and the EU Heat Pump Action Plan. European Heat Pump Association (EHPA). https://www.ehpa.org/policy-2/repowereu-and-the-eu-heat-pump-action-plan/
  17. EHPA. (2025). EHPA quality label. European Heat Pump Association (EHPA). https://www.ehpa.org/quality/quality-label/
  18. Eurofound. (2024). Decarbonisation of residential heating and cooling: The heat pump challenge. Publications Office of the European Union. https://eurofound.link/ef24051
  19. European Union. (2014). Directive 2014/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the harmonisation of the laws of the Member States relating to the making available on the market of measuring instruments (recast). EUR-Lex-02014L0032-20150127-EN-EUR-Lex
  20. Few, J., Manouseli, D., McKenna, E., Pullinger, M., Zapata-Webborn, E., Elam, S., Shipworth, D., & Oreszczyn, T. (2023). The over-prediction of energy use by EPCs in Great Britain: A comparison of EPC-modelled and metered primary energy use intensity. Energy and Buildings, 288, 113024. 10.1016/j.enbuild.2023.113024
  21. Fitton, R., Spiekman, M., Jack, R., Rosenheim, U., Gorzalka, P., Jimenez, M., Erkoreka, A., Marshall, A., Gorse, C., Chirag, D., Alan, D., Farmer, D., Masy, G., Gori, V., Pandraud, G., Deltour, J., Van Gelder, L., Roels, S., Metzger, S., & Hughes, T. (2021). Building energy performance assessment based on in-situ measurements: Challenges and general framework (Annex 71). Energy in Buildings and Communities Programme. https://www.iea-ebc.org/Data/publications/EBC_Annex71-ST1-4-Challenges_and_general_framework.pdf
  22. Gunther, D., Wapler, J., Langner, R., Helmling, S., Miara, M., Fischer, D., Zimmermann, D., Wolf, T., & Wille-Hausmann, B. (2020). Warmepumpen in Bestandsgebauden: Ergebnisse aus dem Forschungsprojekt ‘WPSmart im Bestand’. F. ISE. https://www.klimaschutz-wedel.info/pdf/WPsmart_im_Bestand-Schlussbericht.pdf
  23. IEA. (2021). Net zero by 2050: A roadmap for the global energy sector. International Energy Agency (IEA). https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/deebef5d-0c34-4539-9d0c-10b13d840027/NetZeroby2050-ARoadmapfortheGlobalEnergySector_CORR.pdf
  24. JCGM. (2023). Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement—Part 1: Introduction. Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM). https://www.bipm.org/documents/20126/194484570/JCGM_GUM-1/74e7aa56-2403-7037-f975-cd6b555b80e6
  25. Love, J., Summerfield, A., Biddulph, P., Wingfield, J., Martin, C., Gleeson, C., & Lowe, R. (2017). Investigating variations in performance of heat pumps installed via the renewable heat premium payment (RHPP) scheme. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/606829/DECC_RHPP_160428_On_performance_variations_v20.pdf
  26. Lowe, R., Summerfield, A., Oikonomou, E., Love, J., Biddulph, P., Gleeson, C., Chiu, L. F., & Wingfield, J. (2017). Final report of analysis of heat pump data from the Renewable Heat Premium Payment (RHPP) scheme. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/606818/DECC_RHPP_161214_Final_Report_v1-13.pdf
  27. O’Donovan, A., & O’Sullivan, P. (2021a). DesignforIU: Comparison of certified versus operational performance of energy efficient technologies. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI). https://www.seai.ie/documents/research-projects/RDD-000309-Final-Technical-Report-D4IU.pdf
  28. O’Donovan, A., & O’Sullivan, P. (2021b). In-use performance of air-to-water heat pumps: Are the standards robust? E3S Web Conference, 246, 06002. 10.1051/e3sconf/202124606002
  29. Ofgem. (2025). Metering. https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/metering
  30. O’Sullivan, P., & O’Donovan, A. (2021). DesignForIU: Comparison of certified versus in use performance of energy efficient technologies. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI). https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2021/22/e3sconf_hvac2021_06002.pdf
  31. SEAI. (2024). MacAirH: Monitoring and comparing of air source heat pumps. Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI). https://www.seai.ie/seai-research/research-database/research-projects/details/macairh:-monitoring-and-comparing-of-air-source-heat-pumps
  32. UK Government. (2021). The Electric Vehicles (Smart Charge Points) Regulations 2021. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2021/1467/contents/made
  33. Wang, X., Yuan, J., You, K., Ma, X., & Li, Z. (2023). Using real building energy use data to explain the energy performance gap of energy-efficient residential buildings: A case study from the hot summer and cold winter zone in China. Sustainability, 15(2), 1575. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/2/1575
  34. Zottl, A., & Nordmsan, R. (2011). SEPEMO D4.1./D2.3. Guideline for heat pump field measurements for hydronic heating systems. http://sepemo.ehpa.org/uploads/media/D4_1_D2_3HYDRONIC_Version_1_0_FINAL.pdf
  35. Zottl, A., Nordman, R., Miara, M., & Huber, H. (2011). System boundaries for SPF-calculation. In 10th Heat Pump Conference 2011, http://sepemo.ehpa.org/uploads/media/D6_9_7_Zottl_HPC4_7.pdf
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/bc.673 | Journal eISSN: 2632-6655
Language: English
Submitted on: Jul 16, 2025
|
Accepted on: Jan 4, 2026
|
Published on: Jan 27, 2026
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2026 Jenny Crawley, Leon Domoney, Adam O’Donovan, Jez Wingfield, Cristian Dinu, Oliver Kinnane, Paul O’Sullivan, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.