Table 1
The 11 criteria used to evaluate the studies.
| CRITERIA | |
|---|---|
| 1 | Clarity of the research question |
| 2 | Ethical considerations (e.g. approval, consent) |
| 3 | Description of the study population |
| 4 | Justification of the sample size/participation rate |
| 5 | Inclusion/exclusion criteria |
| 6 | Study design rigor (intervention, timeframe, blinding, randomisation) |
| 7 | Clarity of intervention/exposure |
| 8 | Clarity of outcomes |
| 9 | Validity/reliability of independent variable measures |
| 10 | Validity/reliability of dependent variable measures |
| 11 | Appropriate statistical analysis (including confounders) |
Figure 1
Study selection process in the conducted systematic review according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.
Figure 2
Quality evaluation results.
Note: a = average score; b = overall score distribution; and c = methodology score distribution of the quality assessment, presented for every five-year period.
Figure 3
Influence of building design factors on physical activity and sedentary behaviour.
Note: Building design factors are categorised into six design attributes. Colours of the cells indicate the significance and direction of the influence or the presence of contradictory results.
Figure 4
Influence of building operational factors on physical activity and sedentary behaviour.
Note: Building operational factors are categorised into three operational attributes. Colours of the cells indicate the significance and direction of the influence or the presence of contradictory results.
Figure 5
Proposed conceptual framework for physical activity in buildings.
Note: The solid arrow indicates a direct influence. The ‘X’ indicates the interaction among moderating factors. Building factors with most likely, uncertain or underexplored (i.e. proposed by the authors or derived from the excluded literature) influence on physical activity are highlighted in green, blue and pink, respectively. The green and blue factors are extracted from the analysed studies, and their categorisation is based on the results summarised in Figures 3 and 4.