Figure 1
The ideal assumptions of the adaptive cycle of resilience.
Note: Various forms of resource or capital accumulation within the system, including natural, human, social, and financial capitals (left vertical axis), and connectedness (right axis), increase as a system tracks along the horizontal axis from a growth phase in which resources are available to a conservative phase in which resources have shifted from being available to the system, to being allocated within the system.
Figure 2
General adaptive cycle of resilience.
Note: Shown is the relationship of the accumulation of natural, human, social, or economic capital accumulation and connectedness (horizontal arrow), interacting with the disturbance to the resource conserving state (A), reorganization based on the resources released by disturbance (B) that permit growth (D) through which resources can be again conserved within a highly interconnected phase of the system. If resources are lost, indicated by the orange box (‘Loss’) before the growth phase (D), or if resources cannot be released by disturbance (D, ‘Lock-in’) the system will adopt a new structure and function.
Figure 3
The adaptive cycle of resilience applied to the disruption of fine-scale racialized segregation (A) in 1880–1900s Baltimore, and system responses that yield a coarser pattern of block-wise racialized segregation c.1910 (D).
Figure 4
Housing for the elites on the main streets (A) and for enslaved, free Black, or immigrant groups on alleys (B) behind the main street housing.
Sources: Photographs copyright © S. T. A. Pickett, and used with permission.
Figure 5
The adaptive cycle of resilience applied to the disruption (B) of the block-wise segregation ordinance (A) by the US Supreme Court, and system responses (C) that generated coarser patterns of segregation (D) by neighborhood subject to redlining in the 1930s.
Note: This figure continues from Figure 3(D), linking the two turns of the cycle.
Figure 6
The 1937 Baltimore City ‘residential security’ map.
Note: Shading refers to Home Owners’ Loan Corporation (HOLC) classes of mortgage worthiness: green, or A, was best; blue, or B, still desirable; yellow, or C, indexed definitely declining; and red, or D, was classed as hazardous for mortgage lending.
Source: Used under a Creative Commons Share Alike license.
Figure 7
Map of 24 persons per dot for Baltimore City, and adjacent counties.
Note: Yellow is Black alone; buff is white alone; blue is Asian alone (original colors).
Source: Data are from the 2020 US Census. For all US Census categories and the map, see Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI).