References
- Aakre, S., Banaszak, I., Mechler, R., Rübbelke, D., Wreford, A., & Kalirai, H. (2010). Financial adaptation to disaster risk in the European Union: Identifying roles for the public sector. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 15(7), 721–736. DOI: 10.1007/s11027-010-9232-3
- ADB. (2021). Catalyzing climate finance: Lessons learned from the Shandong Green Development Fund (Sustainable Development Working Papers Series No. 75). Asian Development Bank (ADB). DOI: 10.22617/WPS210113-2
- Adhikari, B., & Safaee Chalkasra, L. S. (2021). Mobilizing private sector investment for climate action: Enhancing ambition and scaling up implementation. Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, 10, 1–18. DOI: 10.1080/20430795.2021.1917929
- Aguiar, F. C., Bentz, J., Silva, J. M. N., Fonseca, A. L., Swart, R., Santos, F. D., & Penha-Lopes, G. (2018). Adaptation to climate change at local level in Europe: An overview. Environmental Science and Policy, 86, 38–63. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.04.010
- Antal, M., & van den Bergh, C. J. M. (2016). Green growth and climate change: Conceptual and empirical considerations. Climate Policy, 16(2), 165–177. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2014.992003
- Bhandary, R. R., Gallagher, K. S., Zhang, F., Ram, R., & Gallagher, K. S. (2021). Climate finance policy in practice: A review of the evidence. Climate Policy, 21(4), 529–545. DOI: 10.1080/14693062.2020.1871313
- Biesbroek, R., & Delaney, A. (2020). Mapping the evidence of climate change adaptation policy instruments in Europe. Environmental Research Letter, 15(8), 083005. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab8fd1
- Bigger, P., & Millington, N. (2020). Getting soaked? Climate crisis, adaptation finance, and racialized austerity. Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space, 3(3), 601–623. DOI: 10.1177/2514848619876539
- Bigger, P., & Webber, S. (2021). Green structural adjustment in the World Bank’s resilient city. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 111(1), 36–51. DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2020.1749023
- Bisaro, A., de Bel, M., Hinkel, J., Kok, S., Stojanovic, T., & Ware, D. (2020). Multilevel governance of coastal flood risk reduction: A public finance perspective. Environmental Science and Policy, 112, 203–212. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.018
- Bisaro, A., & Hinkel, J. (2018). Mobilizing private finance for coastal adaptation: A literature review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 9(3), 1–15. DOI: 10.1002/wcc.514
- Bracking, S. (2020).
Financialization and the environmental frontier . In P. Mader, D. Mertens, & N. van der Zwan (Eds.), The Routledge international handbook of financialization (pp. 213–223). Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315142876-18 - Buhr, B. (2022). Adaptation bonds: Lessons from the US municipal bond market to help close the adaptation financing gap (September). Imperial College London.
https://www.imperial.ac.uk/business-school/faculty-research/research-centres/centre-climate-finance-investment/research/adaptation-bonds-lessons-the-us-municipal-bond-market-help-close-the-adaptation-financing-gap/ - Camponeschi, C. (2021). Narratives of vulnerability and resilience: An investigation of the climate action plans of New York City and Copenhagen. Geoforum, 123, 78–88. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.05.001
- Carlson, C. (2021). Artificial island Lynetteholm to be built in Copenhagen harbour. Dezeen Magazine, June.
https://www.dezeen.com/2021/06/07/artifical-island-lynetteholm-copenhagen-harbour/#:~:text=In%20total%20homes%20for%2035%2C000,climate%20and%20storm%20surge%20protection%22.&text=After%20winning%20approval%20in%20the,over%20the%20next%2050%20years - Climate-ADAPT. (2016). The economics of managing heavy rains and stormwater in Copenhagen—The Cloudburst Management Plan.
https://climate-adapt.eea.europa.eu/en/metadata/case-studies/the-economics-of-managing-heavy-rains-and-stormwater-in-copenhagen-2013-the-cloudburst-management-plan - CoC. (2011). Copenhagen Climate Adaptation Plan. City of Copenhagen (CoC).
https://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/568851/copenhagen_adaption_plan.pdf - CoC. (2012). Cloudburst Management Plan 2012. Technical and Environmental Administration, City of Copenhagen (CoC).
http://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/665626/cph_-_cloudburst_management_plan.pdf - CoC. (2015). Climate change adaptation and investment statement (October, Parts A and B). City of Copenhagen (CoC).
https://www.scribd.com/document/466291100/climate-change-adaptation-and-investment-statement-part-2-1500-1 - CoC. (2017). Storm surge plan for Copenhagen 2017. Technical and Environmental Administration, City of Copenhagen (CoC).
https://kk.sites.itera.dk/apps/kk_pub2/pdf/1915_80b7f06dd0f1.pdf - CoC. (2021). Copenhagen municipality adopted budget 2021. City of Copenhagen.
https://www.Kk.Dk/Sites/Default/Files/Uploaded-Files/Budgetaftale_2021_Koebenhavn.Pdf - Collier, S. J., & Cox, S. (2021). Governing urban resilience: Insurance and the problematization of climate change. Economy and Society, 50(2), 275–296. DOI: 10.1080/03085147.2021.1904621
- Cousins, J., & Hill, D. T. (2021). Green infrastructure, stormwater, and the financialization of municipal environmental governance. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 23(5), 581–598. DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2021.1893164
- Crang, M., & Cook, I. (2007). Doing ethnographies. Sage. DOI: 10.4135/9781849208949
- Danish Government. (2012). How to manage cloudburst and rainwater: Action plan for a climate-proof Denmark. Rosendahl Schultz Grafisk A/S.
https://en.klimatilpasning.dk/media/590075/action_plan.pdf - Danish Government. (2019). The Danish Government’s Position Paper on an ambitious and cost-effective EU climate architecture—A response to the public consultation on the European Commission’s 2030 Climate Target Plan. Danish Government.
https://www.eu.dk/samling/20191/almdel/EUU/bilag/794/2217947.pdf - Deleidi, M., Mazzucato, M., & Semieniuk, G. (2020). Neither crowding in nor out: Public direct investment mobilising private investment into renewable electricity projects. Energy Policy, 140, 111195. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111195
- Dupuis, J., & Biesbroek, R. (2013). Comparing apples and oranges: The dependent variable problem in comparing and evaluating climate change adaptation policies. Global Environmental Change, 23(6), 1476–1487. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.07.022
- Espinosa, P. (2018, April 27) Climate change poses ‘incredible risk’ to cities—UN’s top climate official. UN Climate Speech at the 2018 Forum on Urban Resilience and Adaptation, Bonn, Germany. UN Climate Change News.
https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-poses-incredible-risk-to-cities-un-s-top-climate-official - EU. (2019). European green bond standard. European Commission.
https://finance.ec.europa.eu/sustainable-finance/tools-and-standards/european-green-bond-standard_en - EU. (2020). Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2020 on the establishment of a framework to facilitate sustainable investment and amending regulation (EU) 2019/2088. European Commission (EU).
https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32020R0852 - Fatica, S., & Panzica, R. (2021). Green bonds as a tool against climate change? Business Strategy and the Environment, 30(5), 2688–2701. DOI: 10.1002/bse.2771
- Franco-Torres, M., Rogers, B. C., & Ugarelli, R. M. (2020). A framework to explain the role of boundary objects in sustainability transitions. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 36, 34–48. DOI: 10.1016/j.eist.2020.04.010
- Gazheli, A., Antal, M., & van den Bergh, J. (2015). The behavioral basis of policies fostering long-run transitions: stakeholders, limited rationality and social context. Futures, 69, 14–30. DOI: 10.1016/j.futures.2015.03.008
- Geddes, A., & Schmidt, T. S. (2020). Integrating finance into the multi-level perspective: Technology niche-finance regime interactions and financial policy interventions. Research Policy, 49(6), 103985. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2020.103985
- Geddes, A., Schmid, N., Schmidt, T. S., & Steffen, B. (2020). The politics of climate finance: Consensus and partisanship in designing green state investment banks in the United Kingdom and Australia. Energy Research and Social Science, 69, 101583. DOI: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101583
- Geels, F. W. (2012). A socio-technical analysis of low-carbon transitions: Introducing the multi-level perspective into transport studies. Journal of Transport Geography, 24, 471–482. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.01.021
- Geels, F. W. (2019). Socio-technical transitions to sustainability: A review of criticisms and elaborations of the multi-level perspective. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 39, 187–201. DOI: 10.1016/j.cosust.2019.06.009
- Geels, F. W., & Ravin, R. (2006). Non-linearity and expectations in niche-development trajectories: Ups and downs in Dutch biogas development (1973–2003). Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 18(3/4), 375–392. DOI: 10.1080/09537320600777143
- Geels, F. W., & Schot, J. (2007). Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways. Research Policy, 36(3), 399–417. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2007.01.003
- Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. Sage. DOI: 10.4135/9781483384436
- Guion, L. A., Diehl, D. C., & McDonald, D. (2011). Conducting an in-depth interview. University of Florida. DOI: 10.32473/edis-fy393-2011
- Hafner, S., Jones, A., Anger-Kraavi, A., & Pohl, J. (2020). Closing the green finance gap: A systems perspective. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 34, 26–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.eist.2019.11.007
- Hallegatte, S., Ranger, N., Mestre, O., Dumas, P., Corfee-Morlot, J., Herweijer, C., & Muir Wood, R. (2011). Assessing climate change impacts, sea level rise and storm surge risk in port cities: A case study on Copenhagen. Climatic Change, 104, 113–137. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-010-9978-3
- Hölscher, K., Frantzeskaki, N., McPhearson, T., & Loorbach, D. (2019). Capacities for urban transformations governance and the case of New York City. Cities, 94, 186–199. DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.037
- Hölscher, K., & Loorbach, D. A. (2019). Transforming urban climate governance: Capacities for transformative climate governance.
http://hdl.handle.net/1765/118721 - Hölscher, K., Wittmayer, J. M., & Loorbach, D. (2018). Transition versus transformation: What’s the difference? Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 27, 1–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.eist.2017.10.007
- Hynes, M. (2016). Developing (tele)work? A multi-level socio-technical perspective of telework in Ireland. Research in Transportation Economics, 57, 21–31. DOI: 10.1016/j.retrec.2016.06.008
- IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ - Jacobsson, S., & Bergek, A. (2011). Innovation system analyses and sustainability transitions: Contributions and suggestions for research. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 1(1), 41–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.eist.2011.04.006
- Jarzabkowski, P., Chalkias, K., Clarke, D., Iyahen, E., Stadtmueller, D., & Zwick, A. (2019). Insurance for climate adaptation: Opportunities and limitations (Report). Global Commission on Adaptation.
https://www.insuresilience.org/publication/insurance-for-climate-adaptation-opportunities-and-limitations/ - Juhola, S., Peltonen, L., & Niemi, P. (2012). The ability of Nordic countries to adapt to climate change: Assessing adaptive capacity at the regional level. Local Environment, 17(6/7), 717–734. DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2012.665861
- Keenan, J. M. (2018a). Climate adaptation finance and investment in California. Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780429398759
- Keenan, J. M. (2018b). Regional resilience trust funds: An exploratory analysis for leveraging insurance surcharges. Environment Systems and Decisions, 38(1), 118–139. DOI: 10.1007/s10669-017-9656-3
- Keenan, J. M., Chu, E., & Peterson, J. (2019). From funding to financing perspectives shaping a research agenda for investment in urban climate adaptation. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 11(3), 297–308. DOI: 10.1080/19463138.2019.1565413
- Keenan, J. M., & Gumber, A. (2019). California climate adaptation trust fund: Exploring the leveraging of cap-and-trade proceeds. Environment Systems and Decisions, 39(4), 454–465. DOI: 10.1007/s10669-019-09740-4
- Keenan, J. M., Trump, B. D., Hynes, W., & Linkov, I. (2021). Exploring the convergence of resilience processes and sustainable outcomes in post-covid, post-Glasgow economies. Sustainability, 13(23), 13415. DOI: 10.3390/su132313415
- Klein, J., & Juhola, S. (2018). The influence of administrative traditions and governance on private involvement in urban climate change adaptation. Review of Policy Research, 35(6), 930–952. DOI: 10.1111/ropr.12294
- Kok, S., Bisaro, A., de Bel, M., Hinkel, J., & Bouwer, L. M. (2021). The potential of nature-based flood defences to leverage public investment in coastal adaptation: Cases from the Netherlands, Indonesia and Georgia. Ecological Economics, 179, 106828. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106828
- Kuller, M., Farrelly, M., Deletic, A., & Bach, P. M. (2018). Building effective planning support systems for green urban water infrastructure: Practitioners’ perceptions. Environmental Science and Policy, 89, 153–162. DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.011
- Lauber, V., & Jacobsson, S. (2016). The politics and economics of constructing, contesting and restricting socio-political space for renewables. The German Renewable Energy Act. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 18, 147–163. DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.029
- Liu, L., & Jensen, M. B. (2017). Climate resilience strategies of Beijing and Copenhagen and their links to sustainability. Water Policy, 19(6), 997–1013. DOI: 10.2166/wp.2017.165
- Longhurst, R. (2010).
Semi-structured interviews and focus groups . In N. Clifford, S. French, & G. Valentine (Eds.), Key methods in geography (pp. 117–132). Sage. - Loorbach, D. (2010). Transition management for sustainable development: A prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework. Governance, 23(1), 161–183. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01471.x
- Lund, D. H., Sehested, K., Hellesen, T., & Nellemann, V. (2012). Climate change adaptation in Denmark: Enhancement through collaboration and meta-governance? Local Environment, 17(6/7), 613–628. DOI: 10.1080/13549839.2012.678318
- Mallette, L. A., & Saldaña, J. (2019). Teaching qualitative data analysis through gaming. Qualitative Inquiry, 25(9/10), 1085–1090. DOI: 10.1177/1077800418789458
- Moser, S. C., Coffee, J., & Seville, A. (2017).
Rising to the challenge, together: A review and critical assessment of the state of the US climate adaptation field . Kresge Foundation.https://kresge.org/content/rising-challenge-together - Moser, S. C., Ekstrom, J. A., Kim, J., & Heitsch, S. (2019). Adaptation finance archetypes: Local governments’ persistent challenges of funding adaptation to climate change and ways to overcome them. Ecology and Society, 24(2), 28. DOI: 10.5751/ES-10980-240228
- Mullin, M., Smith, M. D., & McNamara, D. E. (2019). Paying to save the beach: Effects of local finance decisions on coastal management. Climatic Change, 152, 275–289. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-018-2191-5
- Nemet, G., Jakob, M., Steckel, J. C., & Edenhofer, O. (2017). Addressing policy credibility problems for low-carbon investment. Global Environmental Change, 42, 47–57. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.12.004
- Noring, L. (2019). Public asset corporation: A new vehicle for urban regeneration and infrastructure finance. Cities, 88, 125–135. DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2019.01.002
- Olazabal, M., & Ruiz De Gopegui, M. (2021). Adaptation planning in large cities is unlikely to be effective. Landscape and Urban Planning, 206, 103974. DOI: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103974
- Olazabal, M., Ruiz De Gopegui, M., Tompkins, E. L., Venner, K., & Smith, R. (2019). A cross-scale worldwide analysis of coastal adaptation planning. Environmental Research Letters, 14(12), 124056. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab5532
- Pauw, W. P. (2017). Mobilising private adaptation finance: Developed country perspectives. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 17(1), 55–71. DOI: 10.1007/s10784-016-9342-9
- Pauw, W. P., Kempa, L., Moslener, U., Gruning, C., & Cevik, C. (2022). A focus on market imperfections can help governments to mobilize private investments in adaptation. Climate and Development, 14(1), 91–97. DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2021.1885337
- Pauw, W. P., Klein, R. J. T., Vellinga, P., & Biermann, F. (2016). Private finance for adaptation: Do private realities meet public ambitions? Climatic Change, 134(4), 489–503. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-015-1539-3
- Realdania. (2020). Factsheet: The cities and the rising seas. Realdania.
https://realdania.dk/projekter/byerne-og-det-stigende-havvand - Reckien, D., Salvia, M., Heidrich, O., Church, J. M., Pietrapertosa, F., De Gregorio-Hurtado, S., D’Alonzo, V., Foley, A., Simoes, S. G., Krkoška Lorencová, E., Orru, H., Orru, K., Wejs, A., Flacke, J., Olazabal, M., Geneletti, D., Feliu, E., Vasilie, S., Nador, C., … Dawson, R. (2018). How are cities planning to respond to climate change? Assessment of local climate plans from 885 cities in the EU. Journal of Cleaner Production, 191, 207–219. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.220
- Root, L., van der Krabben, E., & Spit, T. (2016). ‘Test driving’ a financing instrument for climate adaptation: Analyzing institutional dilemmas using simulation gaming. Planning Practice and Research, 31(3), 250–269. DOI: 10.1080/02697459.2016.1158073
- Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., & van Asselt, M. (2001). More evolution than revolution: Transition management in public policy. Foresight, 3(1), 15–31. DOI: 10.1108/14636680110803003
- Sainz de Murieta, E., Galarraga, I., & Olazabal, M. (2021). How well do climate adaptation policies align with risk-based approaches? An assessment framework for cities. Cities, 109, 103018. DOI: 10.1016/j.cities.2020.103018
- Smith, A., & Raven, R. (2012). What is protective space? Reconsidering niches in transitions to sustainability. Research Policy, 41, 1025–1036. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2011.12.012
- Southend-on-Sea Borough Council. (2019). Nature smart cities business model: An examination of the financing options available to local authorities to fund urban greening programmes.
https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/sustainable-futures/london-accord/reports/nature-smart-cities-business-model-examination-financing-options-available-local-authorities-fund-urban-greening-programmes/ - Steffen, B., & Schmidt, T. S. (2021). Strengthen finance in sustainability transitions research. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 41, 77–80. DOI: 10.1016/j.eist.2021.10.018
- Svendsen, M. P. (2021). With hearts and minds: Exploring the impact investing marketplace and related strategising. Aalborg Universitetsforlag. Ph.d.-serien for Det Tekniske Fakultet for IT og Design, Aalborg Universitet. DOI: 10.54337/aau468596874
- Taylor, Z. J., & Aalbers, M. B. (2022). Climate gentrification: Risk, rent, and restructuring in Greater Miami. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 112(6), 1685–1701. DOI: 10.1080/24694452.2021.2000358
- TCFD. (2016). Recommendations of the Task Force on Climate-related Financial Disclosures (December). Task force on Climate-Related Financial Disclosures (TCFD).
https://assets.bbhub.io/company/sites/60/2020/10/16_1221_TCFD_Report_Letter.pdf - Tompkins, E. L., & Eakin, H. (2012). Managing private and public adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change, 22(1), 3–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.010
- Tuhkanen, H. (2020). Green bonds: A mechanism for bridging the adaptation gap (Working Paper). Stockholm Environment Institute.
https://www.sei.org/publications/green-bonds-a-mechanism-for-bridging-the-adaptation-gap/ - UNEP. (2020). Adaptation gap report 2020. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
https://www.unep.org/resources/adaptation-gap-report-2020 - Woodruff, S. C., Mullin, M., & Roy, M. (2020). Is coastal adaptation a public good? The financing implications of good characteristics in coastal adaptation. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 63(12), 2082–2101. DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2019.1703656
- Yin, R. K. (2009). Case study research, Vol. 4. Sage. DOI: 10.33524/cjar.v14i1.73
