Panel 1
Birth preparedness practices.
| The individual birth preparedness practices included are: |
| Identified skilled provider: During her pregnancy, woman planned to have a skilled health worker attend the birth of her child. |
| Identified facility for delivery: During her pregnancy, woman identified a health facility to deliver her child. |
| Saved money: Woman or family set aside funds specifically for care during delivery. |
| Identified transport: During her pregnancy, woman prepared a means of transportation for delivery. |
| Identified delivery materials: During her pregnancy, woman prepared materials for clean delivery. Materials may include soap and water for washing hands, new blade to cut the umbilical cord and a sterilized thread to tie the cord, clean cloth to wipe and wrap the baby, clean space, and a carpet or mat for the delivery. |
| Preparation for food: During her pregnancy, woman made food provisions for her delivery. |
Table 1
Characteristics of the sample and their association with facility delivery.
| Total | Nonfacility delivery | Facility delivery | Unadjusted analysisa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) n = 215 | n (%) n = 115 | n (%) n = 100 | ORb | P-value | 95% CIb | |
| Region | ||||||
| n = 215 | n = 115 | n = 100 | ||||
| SNNP | 64 (30%) | 48 (42%) | 16 (16%) | 1.00 | ||
| Oromia | 60 (28%) | 29 (25%) | 31 (31%) | 3.21 | 0.064 | 0.93–11.03 |
| Tigray | 14 (7%) | 8 (7%) | 6 (6%) | 2.25 | 0.521 | 0.18–28.64 |
| Amhara | 77 (36%) | 30 (26%) | 47 (47%) | 4.70 | 0.028 | 1.19–18.49 |
| Age of Child | ||||||
| n = 214 | n = 114 | n = 100 | ||||
| 2–10 weeks | 52 (24%) | 25 (22%) | 27 (27%) | 1.00 | ||
| 11–20 weeks | 101 (47%) | 49 (43%) | 52 (52%) | 0.98 | 0.955 | 0.53–1.83 |
| 21–30 weeks | 61 (29%) | 40 (35%) | 21 (21%) | 0.49 | 0.065 | 0.23–1.04 |
| Sex of child | ||||||
| n = 214 | n = 114 | n = 100 | ||||
| Female | 107 (50%) | 63 (55%) | 44 (44%) | 1.00 | ||
| Male | 108 (50%) | 52 (45%) | 56 (56%) | 1.54 | 0.177 | 0.81–2.92 |
| Age of respondent (mother) | ||||||
| n = 213 | n = 113 | n = 100 | ||||
| 15–24 years | 69 (33%) | 32 (28%) | 37 (37%) | 1.00 | ||
| 25–34 years | 111 (52%) | 61 (54%) | 40 (40%) | 0.71 | 0.353 | 0.34–1.49 |
| 35 years or older | 33 (15%) | 20 (18%) | 13 (13%) | 0.56 | 0.188 | 0.24–1.34 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| n = 213 | n = 113 | n = 100 | ||||
| Currently married/living together | 201 (94%) | 110 (97%) | 91 (91%) | 1.00 | ||
| Formerly married or never married | 12 (6%) | 3 (3%) | 9 (9%) | 3.63 | 0.064 | 0.92–14.23 |
| Maternal education | ||||||
| n = 213 | n = 115 | n = 98 | ||||
| None | 87 (41%) | 62 (54%) | 25 (26%) | 1.00 | ||
| Primary | 88 (41%) | 46 (40%) | 42 (43%) | 2.26 | 0.036 | 1.06–4.85 |
| Secondary or higher | 38 (18%) | 7 (6%) | 31 (32%) | 10.98 | 0.000 | 3.61–33.42 |
| Religion | ||||||
| n = 215 | n = 115 | n = 100 | ||||
| Orthodox | 81 (38%) | 40 (35%) | 41 (41%) | 1.00 | ||
| Protestant | 65 (30%) | 43 (38%) | 22 (22%) | 0.50 | 0.243 | 0.15–1.64 |
| Muslim | 68 (32%) | 32 (28%) | 36 (36%) | 1.10 | 0.848 | 0.41–2.92 |
| Other | 1 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) | N/Ab | N/A | N/A |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| n = 215 | n = 115 | n = 100 | ||||
| Hadiya | 34 (16%) | 26 (23%) | 8 (8%) | 1.00 | ||
| Oromo | 38 (18%) | 22 (19%) | 16 (16%) | 2.36 | 0.230 | 0.56–9.89 |
| Amhara | 88 (41%) | 35 (30%) | 53 (53%) | 4.92 | 0.037 | 1.10–21.96 |
| Gamo | 23 (11%) | 13 (11%) | 10 (10%) | 2.50 | 0.367 | 0.33–19.19 |
| Other | 32 (15%) | 19 (17%) | 13 (10%) | 2.22 | 0.352 | 0.40–12.45 |
| Wealth score | ||||||
| n = 213 | n = 115 | n = 108 | ||||
| Quintile 1 | 44 (21%) | 41 (36%) | 3 (3%) | 1.00 | ||
| Quintile 2 | 42 (20%) | 32 (28%) | 10 (9%) | 4.27 | 0.040 | 1.08–16.94 |
| Quintile 3 | 42 (20%) | 21 (19%) | 33 (30%) | 13.67 | 0.001 | 3.44–54.30 |
| Quintile 4 | 44 (21%) | 11 (10%) | 31 (29%) | 41.0 | <0.001 | 9.83–171.0 |
| Quintile 5 | 41 (20%) | 10 (9%) | 31 (29%) | 42.36 | <0.001 | 10.11–177.6 |
| Parity | ||||||
| n = 210 | n = 112 | n = 98 | ||||
| First birth | 65 (31%) | 23 (21%) | 42 (43%) | 1.00 | ||
| 2–4 births | 104 (50%) | 58 (52%) | 46 (47%) | 0.43 | 0.005 | 0.25–0.76 |
| 5 or more births | 41 (20%) | 31 (28%) | 10 (10%) | 0.18 | <0.001 | 0.08–0.42 |
| Number of ANC visits | ||||||
| n = 214 | n = 114 | n = 100 | ||||
| Less than 4 | 105 (49%) | 74 (65%) | 31 (31%) | 1.00 | ||
| 4 or more | 109 (51%) | 40 (35%) | 69 (69%) | 4.12 | <0.001 | 2.28–7.43 |
| Time of labor start | ||||||
| n = 204 | n = 108 | n = 96 | ||||
| Day (between 6 am to 5 pm) | 99 (49%) | 47 (44%) | 52 (54%) | 1.00 | ||
| Night (between 6 pm to 5 am) | 105 (52%) | 61 (56%) | 44 (46%) | 0.65 | 0.219 | 0.33–1.31 |
| Distance to health center | ||||||
| n = 214 | n = 114 | n = 100 | ||||
| Less than 30 minutes | 42 (20%) | 8 (7%) | 34 (34%) | 1.00 | ||
| 30–59 minutes | 64 (30%) | 23 (20%) | 41 (41%) | 0.42 | 0.130 | 0.13–1.31 |
| More than 1 hour | 108 (51%) | 83 (73%) | 25 (25%) | 0.07 | <0.001 | 0.02–0.21 |
| Knowledge of pregnancy danger signs | ||||||
| n = 210 | n = 110 | n = 100 | ||||
| Know at least one danger sign | 147 (70%) | 69 (63%) | 78 (78%) | 1.00 | ||
| Do not know any danger signs | 63 (30%) | 41 (37%) | 22 (22%) | 2.11 | 0.055 | 0.98–4.52 |
[i] a Unadjusted analysis using logistic regression accounting for clustering by enumeration area.
b Confidence interval (CI), odds ratio (OR), not available (N/A).
Table 2
Coverage of birth preparedness actions and their association with facility delivery.
| Total | Nonfacility delivery | Facility delivery | Unadjusted analysisa | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 215 | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ORb | P-value | 95% CIb |
| Planned to deliver in an institutionc | ||||||
| n = 213 | n = 115 | n = 98 | ||||
| No | 61 (29%) | 50 (43%) | 11 (11%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 152 (71%) | 65 (57%) | 87 (89%) | 6.08 | 0.000 | 2.44–15.15 |
| Planned for skilled birth attendant | ||||||
| n = 215 | n = 115 | n = 100 | ||||
| No | 72 (33%) | 55 (48%) | 17 (17%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 143 (67%) | 60 (52%) | 83 (83%) | 4.48 | 0.001 | 1.96–10.22 |
| Saved money | ||||||
| n = 215 | n = 115 | n = 100 | ||||
| No | 62 (29%) | 41 (36%) | 21 (21%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 153 (71%) | 74 (64%) | 79 (79%) | 2.08 | 0.024 | 1.11–3.92 |
| Prepared transport | ||||||
| n = 215 | n = 115 | n = 100 | ||||
| No | 131 (61%) | 81 (70%) | 50 (50%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 84 (39%) | 34 (30%) | 50 (50%) | 2.38 | 0.019 | 1.17–4.86 |
| Prepared clean delivery materials | ||||||
| n = 215 | n = 115 | n = 100 | ||||
| No | 44 (21%) | 28 (24%) | 16 (16%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 171 (80%) | 87 (76%) | 84 (84%) | 1.68 | 0.179 | 0.78–3.67 |
| Prepared food | ||||||
| n = 215 | n = 115 | n = 100 | ||||
| No | 20 (9%) | 12 (10%) | 8 (8%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 195 (91%) | 103 (90%) | 92 (92%) | 1.34 | 0.595 | 0.44–4.05 |
| Well preparedd | ||||||
| n = 213 | n = 115 | n = 98 | ||||
| No | 62 (29%) | 50 (44%) | 12 (12%) | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 151 (71%) | 65 (57%) | 86 (88%) | 5.51 | <0.001 | 2.41–12.57 |
[i] a Unadjusted analysis using logistic regression accounting for clustering by enumeration area.
b Confidence interval (CI), odds ratio (OR).
c Missing two values.
d A mother was considered well prepared for birth if she reported completing at least four of the following six actions in advance of her delivery: identified a skilled provider, identified an institution, saved money, identified transport, prepared clean delivery materials, and prepared food.
Table 3
Logistic regression estimates of the effect of birth preparedness on the odds of institutional delivery.
| Unadjusted analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 186a | ORb | 95% CIc | P-value | OR | 95% CI | P-value |
| Well prepared (without propensity score weightingd) | ||||||
| Model 1 | Model 3 | |||||
| Yes vs. no | 5.47 | 2.16–13.88 | 0.001 | 3.20 | 1.20–8.51 | 0.022 |
| Well prepared (with propensity score weightingd) | ||||||
| Model 2 | Model 4 | |||||
| Yes vs. no | 3.83 | 1.41–10.40 | 0.010 | 4.56 | 1.71–12.14 | 0.003 |
[i] a All models are limited to complete cases only to facilitate comparison across models.
b Odds ratio (OR).
c Confidence interval (CI).
d Propensity score includes mother’s age, marital status, parity, educational level, wealth status, ANC visits, knowledge of pregnancy danger signs, distance to health center, time of labor start, and sample weight.
| ANC | antenatal care |
| AOR | adjusted odds ratio |
| CI | confidence interval |
| HEW | health extension worker |
| OR | odds ratio |
| SSC | skin-to-skin care |
| SNNP | Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People |