Table 1
Socio-demographic, antenatal and delivery characteristics of the mother-infant pairs.
| Variable | Frequency N = 480 | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Maternal educational level | ||
| None/primary | 8 | 1.7 |
| Secondary | 164 | 34.2 |
| Post-secondary | 308 | 64.2 |
| Maternal age group (years) | ||
| <21 | 21 | 4.4 |
| 21–25 | 124 | 25.8 |
| 26–30 | 194 | 40.4 |
| 31–35 | 108 | 22.5 |
| >35 | 33 | 6.9 |
| Antenatal care attendance for index pregnancy | ||
| Yes | 449 | 93.5 |
| No | 31 | 6.5 |
| Place of delivery | ||
| Home | 23 | 4.8 |
| Traditional birth attendant (TBA) home | 4 | 0.8 |
| Private hospital | 51 | 10.6 |
| Government hospital | 384 | 80.0 |
| Church | 18 | 3.8 |
| Social class of infant | ||
| 1 | 17 | 3.5 |
| II | 254 | 52.9 |
| III | 206 | 42.9 |
| IV | 3 | 0.6 |
| Birth order | ||
| First | 196 | 40.8 |
| Second–Third | 220 | 45.8 |
| Fourth–Fifth | 58 | 12.1 |
| Sixth–Seventh | 6 | 1.3 |
Table 2
Reasons stated for presentation after day one for birth dose vaccination.
| Reason for presentation beyond Day 1 | Frequency N = 236 | Percent | Interval between delivery and presentation for vaccination (Days) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median | Range | |||
| Access to vaccine related | ||||
| Weekend/public holiday delivery | 83 | 35.2 | 3.0 | 2–26 |
| Friday evening delivery/discharge | 32 | 13.6 | 3.0 | 2–18 |
| Private hospital delivery | 20 | 8.5 | 3.5 | 2–28 |
| Fixed days for immunization at place of delivery | 10 | 4.2 | 2.5 | 2–11 |
| Home delivery | 7 | 3.0 | 12.0 | 5–33 |
| Delivery at Church | 7 | 3.0 | 8.0 | 2–44 |
| Delivery at TBA home | 3 | 1.3 | 3.0 | 2–8 |
| No nearby place for vaccination | 3 | 1.3 | 17.0 | 14–42 |
| Vaccine unavailable at initial place of presentation | 1 | 0.4 | 5.0 | 5 |
| Mother related | ||||
| Ill mother | 18 | 7.6 | 6.5 | 2–57 |
| Had cesarean section | 14 | 5.9 | 3.5 | 2–17 |
| Could not afford transport cost | 5 | 2.1 | 11.0 | 7–50 |
| Unaware that centre provided vaccination every weekday | 3 | 1.3 | 7.0 | 2–9 |
| Needed rest after delivery | 3 | 1.3 | 2.0 | 2–8 |
| Deceased mother | 1 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 2 |
| Mother in school | 1 | 0.4 | 6.0 | 6 |
| Infant related | ||||
| Ill baby | 23 | 9.7 | 4.0 | 2–19 |
| Prematurity | 2 | 0.8 | 88 | 49–127 |
[i] (TBA: traditional birth attendant home).
Table 3
Factors associated with timely presentation (within day 1) for birth dose vaccination.
| Parameter | Time to presentation | Crude OR (95% C.I.) | p* | Adjusted OR (95% C.I.) | p** | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ day 1 N = 239 n (%) | > day 1 N = 241 n (%) | |||||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 124 (50.6) | 121 (49.4) | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | 0.714 | ||
| Female | 115 (48.9) | 120 (51.1) | ||||
| Religion | ||||||
| Islam | 179 (51.7) | 167 (48.3) | 1.32 (0.89–1.97) | 0.171 | ||
| Christianity | 60 (44.8) | 74 (54.2) | ||||
| Mother’s age (years) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.26 (4.76) | 28.48 (4.66) | – | 0.606δ | ||
| Mother’s level of education | ||||||
| Postsecondary | 168 (54.5) | 140 (45.5) | 1.71 (1.17–2.49) | 0.005 | 1.44 (0.99–2.13) | 0.072 |
| ≤Secondary | 71 (41.3) | 101 (58.7) | 1(reference) | |||
| Social class of child | ||||||
| Upper (I, II) | 144 (53.1) | 127 (46.9) | 1.36 (0.95–1.99) | 0.095 | ||
| Lower (III, IV) | 95 (45.5) | 114 (54.5) | ||||
| Birth order of infant | ||||||
| First | 100 (51.0) | 96 (49.0) | 1.09 (0.96–1.56) | 0.655 | ||
| ≥Second | 139 (56.7) | 145 (43.3) | ||||
| ANC | ||||||
| Yes | 235 (52.3) | 214 (47.7) | 7.41 (2.55–21.53) | <0.001 | 2.50 (0.73–8.52) | 0.143 |
| No | 4 (12.9) | 27 (87.1) | 1(reference) | |||
| Hospital delivery | ||||||
| Yes | 233 (57.5) | 202 (42.5) | 7.50 (3.11–8.07) | <0.001 | 4.64 (1.73–12.45) | 0.002 |
| No | 6 (13.3) | 39 (86.7) | 1(reference) | |||
| Correctly states NPI schedule | ||||||
| Yes | 116 (47.5) | 128 (52.5) | 0.83 (0.58–1.19) | 0.316 | ||
| No | 123 (52.1) | 113 (47.9) | ||||
[i] δ = p-value derived from independent sample t-test; * = chi-square derived p-value; ** = p-value derived from logistic regression analysis; OR (95% C.I.) = odds ratio 95% confidence interval.
Table 4
Univariate analysis showing factors affecting time to presentation at different intervals for receipt of birth dose vaccines.
| Parameter | Time to presentation for birth dose vaccines (days) | p* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 1 N = 239 n (%) | 2–7 N = 182 n (%) | 8–14 N = 33 n (%) | > 14 N = 26 n (%) | ||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 124 (50.6) | 94 (38.4) | 14 (5.7) | 13 (5.3) | 0.780 |
| Female | 115 (48.9) | 88 (37.5) | 19 (8.1) | 13 (5.5) | |
| Religion | |||||
| Islam | 179 (51.7) | 122 (35.3) | 27 (7.8) | 18 (5.2) | 0.179 |
| Christianity | 60 (44.8) | 60 (44.8) | 6 (4.4) | 8 (6.0) | |
| Mother’s age (years) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 28.26 (4.76)ab | 29.02 (4.65)b | 26.73 (4.69)a | 26.92 (3.97)a | 0.018** |
| Mother’s level of education | |||||
| Post-secondary | 168 (54.5) | 120 (39.0) | 12 (3.9) | 8 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| ≤Secondary | 71 (41.3) | 62 (36.0) | 21 (12.2) | 18 (10.5) | |
| Social class of child | |||||
| Upper (I, II) | 144 (53.1) | 104 (38.4) | 11 (4.1) | 12 (4.4) | 0.021 |
| Lower (III, IV) | 95 (45.5) | 78 (37.3) | 22 (10.5) | 14 (6.7) | |
| Birth order of infant | |||||
| First | 100 (51.0) | 69 (35.2) | 12 (6.1) | 15 (7.7) | 0.253 |
| ≥Second | 139 (48.9) | 113 (39.8) | 21 (7.4) | 11 (3.9) | |
| ANC | |||||
| Yes | 235 (52.3) | 170 (37.9) | 27 (6.0) | 17 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| No | 4 (12.9) | 12 (38.7) | 6 (19.4) | 9 (29.0) | |
| Hospital delivery | |||||
| Yes | 233 (53.6) | 161 (37.0) | 24 (5.5) | 17 (3.9) | <0.001 |
| No | 6 (13.3) | 21 (46.7) | 9 (20.0) | 9 (20.0) | |
| Correctly states NPI schedule | |||||
| Yes | 116 (47.5) | 101 (41.4) | 19 (7.8) | 8 (3.3) | 0.076 |
| No | 123 (52.1) | 81 (34.4) | 14 (5.9) | 18 (7.6) | |
[i] * = chi-square derived p-value; ** = F-value derived from ANOVA.
a, b Duncan multiple range test shows that means with the same letter are not statistically different at p < 0.05.
Table 5
Multivariate logistic regression of factors affecting time to presentation for receipt of birth dose vaccines (earlier intervals) compared with those presenting after day 14.
| Parameter | Time to presentation for birth dose vaccines | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤1 day | 2–7 days | 8–14 days | ||||
| OR (95% C.I.) | p | OR (95% C.I.) | p | OR (95% C.I.) | p | |
| Mother’s age (years) | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 0.328 | 1.09 (0.98–1.21) | 0.102 | 0.99 (0.88–1.12) | 0.880 |
| Correctly states NPI schedule | ||||||
| Yes versus No | 3.08 (1.16–8.23) | 0.025 | 3.68 (1.38–9.83) | 0.009 | 3.77 (1.20–11.84) | 0.023 |
| ANC attendance | ||||||
| Yes versus No | 9.55 (1.75–52.12) | 0.009 | 5.78 (1.27–26.28) | 0.023 | 3.99 (0.69–22.82) | 0.125 |
| Hospital delivery | ||||||
| Yes versus No | 6.36 (1.33–30.38) | 0.022 | 1.67 (0.39–6.97) | 0.494 | 0.74 (0.15–3.74) | 0.709 |
| Social class of child | ||||||
| Upper versus Lower | 0.82 (0.31–2.16) | 0.700 | 0.70 (0.26–1.84) | 0.475 | 0.44 (0.13–1.43) | 0.173 |
| Mother’s level of education | ||||||
| Postsecondary versus ≤Secondary | 3.60 (1.30–9.91) | 0.013 | 3.29 (1.18–9.13) | 0.022 | 1.45 (0.42–4.97) | 0.555 |
[i] OR (95% C.I.) = odds ratio 95% confidence interval.