Table 1
The effects of the non‑pesticide containing negative control (CTRL) with Cytochalasin B (CytoB) and positive CTRL with clastogenic mitomycin C (Mito C) on the number of binucleated cells and genotoxic micronuclei as well as the cytotoxicity percentages in Caco‑2 cells.
| PESTICIDE DOSE | BINUCLEATED CELLS (NUMBER) | MICRONUCLEI (NUMBER) | SIGNIFICANT INCREASE | CYTOTOXICITY (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CTRL (only CytoB) | 0 | 1027 | 34 | 0.96 | |
| Mito C | 0 | 1009 | 217 | * | 1.90 |
[i] *1‑sided Fisher Exact test (P < 0.01).
Figure 1
Effects of pure lambda‑cyhalothrin, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 2
Effects of pure cypermethrin, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 3
Effects of pure deltamethrin, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 4
Effects of pure tebuconazole, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 5
Effects of pure glyphosate, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 6
Effects of pure acetamiprid, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 7
Effects of pure cyprodinil, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 8
Effects of pure piperonyl butoxide, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 9
Effects of pure fluopyram, within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 10
Effects of a combination mixture of pesticides called Top 3 (pure acetamiprid, tebuconazole, glyphosate), within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Figure 11
Effects of a combination mixture of pesticides called Top 8 (pure lambda‑cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, tebuconazole, glyphosate, acetamiprid, cyprodinil, piperonyl butoxide), within the dose range 0–100 mg L–1, on the number of micronuclei per 1000 binucleate Caco‑2 cells. Data for each dose is expressed as a single value. The presence of increased linear trend was evaluated using 1‑sided Cochran–Armitage trend test (#P < 0.05). Pairwise comparisons of the incidence of micronuclei over binucleated cells were performed using the 1‑sided Fisher’s exact test (*P < 0.05).
Table 2
The effect of imazalil doses on binucleate cell number, micronuclei number, and cytotoxicity in Caco‑2 cells.
| DOSE (MG L–1) | BINUCLEATED CELLS (NUMBER) | MICRONUCLEI (NUMBER) | CYTOTOXICITY (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1027 | 34 | |
| 0.01 | 1008 | 14 | 38.82 |
| 0.1 | 1024 | 12 | 39.34 |
| 1 | 1010 | 13 | 38.66 |
| 10 | 1011 | 12 | 42.00 |
| 100 | 128 | 13 | 82.61 |
Table 3
Cytotoxicity assessments and micronuclei/binucleate cell number on Caco‑2 cells for the pesticides, as mono‑constituents, for all doses (0–100 mg L–1).
| SUBSTANCE | DOSE | % CYTOTOXICITY | MICRONUCLEI/BINUCLEATE TOT X 1000 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 0 | – | 33.11 |
| Lambda‑cyhalothrin | 0.01 | 42.08 | 27.42 |
| Lambda‑cyhalothrin | 0.1 | 39.43 | 40.35 |
| Lambda‑cyhalothrin | 1 | 37.44 | 62.62 |
| Lambda‑cyhalothrin | 10 | 39.91 | 80.23 |
| Lambda‑cyhalothrin | 100 | 57.54 | 56.86 |
| Cypermethrin | 0.01 | 26.56 | 70.44 |
| Cypermethrin | 0.1 | 26.52 | 40.59 |
| Cypermethrin | 1 | 32.02 | 26.81 |
| Cypermethrin | 10 | 28.72 | 30.82 |
| Cypermethrin | 100 | 12.67 | 32.00 |
| Deltamethrin | 0.01 | 36.63 | 26.24 |
| Deltamethrin | 0.1 | 34.75 | 22.36 |
| Deltamethrin | 1 | 40.05 | 23.35 |
| Deltamethrin | 10 | 38.85 | 30.54 |
| Deltamethrin | 100 | 38.22 | 52.58 |
| Tebuconazole | 0.01 | 36.88 | 34.21 |
| Tebuconazole | 0.1 | 37.55 | 33.85 |
| Tebuconazole | 1 | 36.11 | 42.32 |
| Tebuconazole | 10 | 38.00 | 50.93 |
| Tebuconazole | 100 | 34.92 | 97.03 |
| Glyphosate | 0.01 | 24.17 | 90.91 |
| Glyphosate | 0.1 | 10.40 | 107.44 |
| Glyphosate | 1 | 11.71 | 97.78 |
| Glyphosate | 10 | 10.78 | 98.58 |
| Glyphosate | 100 | 22.98 | 268.44 |
| Acetamiprid | 0.01 | 19.78 | 68.63 |
| Acetamiprid | 0.1 | 27.47 | 40.96 |
| Acetamiprid | 1 | 18.92 | 79.81 |
| Acetamiprid | 10 | 20.00 | 68.76 |
| Acetamiprid | 100 | 31.72 | 25.69 |
| Cypronidil | 0.01 | 35.26 | 75.73 |
| Cypronidil | 0.1 | 38.62 | 46.72 |
| Cypronidil | 1 | 40.43 | 51.90 |
| Cypronidil | 10 | 42.88 | 36.96 |
| Cypronidil | 100 | 42.96 | 49.02 |
| Piperonyl butoxide | 0.01 | 36.78 | 35.79 |
| Piperonyl butoxide | 0.1 | 36.22 | 27.64 |
| Piperonyl butoxide | 1 | 34.54 | 29.97 |
| Piperonyl butoxide | 10 | 34.87 | 44.55 |
| Piperonyl butoxide | 100 | 36.25 | 88.61 |
| Fluopyram | 0.01 | 35.25 | 44.00 |
| Fluopyram | 0.1 | 34.48 | 49.52 |
| Fluopyram | 1 | 36.34 | 35.23 |
| Fluopyram | 10 | 38.99 | 39.84 |
| Fluopyram | 100 | 13.55 | 146.83 |
Table 4
Cytotoxicity assessments on Caco‑2 cells for the pesticides in combination for all doses (0–100 mg L–1).
| SUBSTANCE | DOSE | % CYTOTOXICITY | MICRONUCLEI/BINUCLEATE TOT X 1000 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Top 3 | 0.01 | 36.63 | 135.14 |
| Top 3 | 0.1 | 39.72 | 66.86 |
| Top 3 | 1 | 39.57 | 83.50 |
| Top 3 | 10 | 37.41 | 38.77 |
| Top 3 | 100 | 38.24 | 32.16 |
| Top 8 | 0.01 | 40.54 | 32.07 |
| Top 8 | 0.1 | 43.97 | 40.96 |
| Top 8 | 1 | 44.53 | 43.39 |
| Top 8 | 10 | 44.80 | 45.85 |
| Top 8 | 100 | 42.10 | 57.43 |