Correlates of Full, Partial, and Non-Immunisation among Children Aged 12–23 Months in Gokwe South District, Rural Zimbabwe

VARIABLE	CATEGORY	FREQUENCY (N)	PERCENTAGE (%)
Child sex	Male	314	54.8
Child sex	Female	259	45.2
Place of birth	Health facility	384	67.0
Place of birth	Home	189	33.0
Birth order	1	150	26.2
	2–3	220	38.4
	≥4	203	35.4
Maternal education	None	200	35.0
	Primary	229	40.0
	Secondary or higher	144	25.0
Religious affiliation	Marange Apostolic	63	11.0
	Other Apostolic	252	44.0
	Pentecostal/Protestant/Catholic	258	45.0

Immunisation status by child and caregiver characteristics (n = 573).

CHARACTERISTIC	FULLY IMMUNISED N (%)	PARTIALLY IMMUNISED N (%)	NOT IMMUNISED N (%)	P‑VALUE (X² TEST)
Child sex
Male Female	182 (57.9) 174 (67.2)	83 (26.5) 58 (22.4)	49 (15.6) 27 (10.4)	0.12
Place of birth
Health facility Home	250 (65.1) 106 (56.1)	90 (23.4) 51 (27.0)	44 (11.5) 32 (16.9)	0.01
Child health card
Yes No	320 (72.3) 36 (19.8)	90 (20.3) 51 (28.1)	30 (7.4) 46 (52.1)	<0.001
Religious affiliation
Marange Apostolic Other Apostolic Pentecostal/ Protestant/ Catholic	20 (31.7) 110 (43.7) 226 (87.6)	23 (36.5) 88 (35.0) 30 (11.6)	20 (31.7) 54 (21.4) 2 (0.8)	<0.001

Crude odds ratios (ORs) for predictors of immunisation status.

PREDICTOR	CATEGORY	OR	95% CI	P‑VALUE
Child health card	Yes vs no	3.2	2.1–4.8	<0.001
Maternal education	Secondary+ vs none	2.8	1.9–4.0	<0.001
Religious affiliation	Marange vs others	0.42	0.26–0.68	<0.001
Place of birth	Health facility vs home	1.9	1.3–2.9	0.001
Birth order	≥4 vs 1	0.7	0.4–1.2	0.18
Knowledge of immunisation schedule	Adequate vs poor	2.1	1.5–3.0	<0.001
Exposure to immunisation education	Yes vs no	1.8	1.3–2.6	0.001
Knowledge of new vaccines	Yes vs no	1.9	1.3–2.8	0.001
Knowledge of VPDs	Adequate vs poor	1.6	1.1–2.4	0.02
Satisfaction with healthcare	Satisfied vs unsatisfied	2.5	1.7–3.8	<0.001
Negative perceptions	Yes vs no	0.6	0.4–0.9	0.01
Worry about side effects	Yes vs no	0.7	0.5–1.0	0.04

Adjusted binary logistic regression model for non‑immunisation.

PREDICTOR	CATEGORY	ADJUSTED OR (AOR)	95% CI	P‑VALUE
Child health card	Yes vs no	3.5	2.2–5.5	<0.001
Knowledge of new vaccines	Yes vs no	1.9	1.2–3.1	0.006
Satisfaction with healthcare	Satisfied vs unsatisfied	2.6	1.7–4.0	<0.001
Religious affiliation	Marange vs others	0.44	0.26–0.73	0.002

Multinomial logistic regression results for immunisation status.

PREDICTOR	CATEGORY	PARTIAL IMMUNISATION vs FULLY IMMUNISED RRR(95% CI)	P‑VALUE	NON‑IMMUNISED vs FULLY IMMUNISED RRR (95% CI)	P‑VALUE
Child health card	Yes vs no	2.8 (1.7–4.7)	<0.001	4.1 (2.5–6.6)	<0.001
Knowledge of new vaccines	Yes vs no	1.7 (1.1–2.6)	0.02	1.5 (0.9–2.5)	0.11
Satisfaction with healthcare	Satisfied vs unsatisfied	1.9 (1.2–3.0)	0.005	2.8 (1.8–4.4)	<0.001
Place of birth	Health facility vs home	1.2 (0.7–2.0)	0.48	2.2 (1.4–3.5)	0.001
Religious affiliation	Marange vs others	0.8 (0.4–1.4)	0.46	0.39 (0.23–0.65)	<0.001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.5209 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996

Language: English

Page range: 59 - 59

Submitted on: Feb 6, 2026

Accepted on: Jun 4, 2026

Published on: Jun 24, 2026

Published by: Ubiquity Press

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

© 2026 Laston Gonah, Norest Hama, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.