Health–Climate Change–Migration Triad and Elderly Migrant Health in Africa

AUTHOR(S)	TITLE	FINDING WITHIN THE CLIMATE CHANGE–MIGRATION–HEALTH TRIAD
UNFCCC [7]	United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change	The Convention highlighted the need to mitigate climate change to prevent its future profound impacts on humans to foster coping and development, including food production and economic development in a natural and sustainable manner through the reduction of greenhouse gas.
Carnes et al. [13]	Impact of climate change on elder health	They highlighted that as human life expectancy increases, so does the number of elderly people. They also noted that the elderly, in particular, will experience severe health consequences in cases of serious environmental stress due to climate change.
Kalaiyarasi and Rajkumar [14]	Impact of climate change on elderly health	They reported that climate change is a major public health threat resulting from the effects of extreme weather events such as floods and drought, rising sea levels, and increasing temperatures. They highlighted that health systems have to incorporate climate‑resilient strategies to support the elderly as their health and well‑being can be gravely affected in the climate change context.
IPCC [6]	Summary for all climate change 2021	They underscored the fact that human activities drive climate change, which causes severe impacts on humans and the environment. They noted that increasing greenhouse gases, rising global temperatures, and rising ocean levels are some of the environmental impacts of climate change. They revealed that humans face severe environmental and health challenges in coping with and mitigating climate change. They recommended urgent and sustained approaches to mitigate the effects of climate change today to prevent future catastrophes on humans and the environment.
Montoro‑Ramírez et al. [15]	Effects of climate change in the elderly’s health: a scoping review protocol	They underscored the fact that climate change is a global issue that affects human health, particularly vulnerable groups like older adult migrants. They proposed data‑driven approaches for meeting the care needs of the population in the context of climate change [15].
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [16]	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration	They reported that people and other living things in the environment around the world are affected by the manifestation of climate change today. The document suggested that communities should invest in resilient infrastructure that can resist future climate risks.
Anu et al. [11]	Effect of Climate Change on Health in Older Persons	They noted the increasingly population of the elderly (over 65) and highlighted that the elderly are greatly affected by climate change, with worsening disease conditions when they are exposed to climate‑change‑related stresses.
World Health Organization [1]	Climate change	The World Health Organization (2023) reported that climate change is directly affecting humanitarian crises and noted that 3.6 billion people are already dwelling in climate‑change‑prone zones. They also highlighted that between 2030 and 2050, it is anticipated that climate change will cause an estimated number of 250,000 deaths per year as a result of malaria‑related diseases, heat stress, diarrhea, and malnutrition, indicating that the consequences of climate change will be grave in developing countries with weak health infrastructure, as they will be unprepared to cope and respond. The WHO suggested climate‑resilient and migrant‑inclusive health systems.
Matlakala et al. [5]	Vulnerability of elderly people during climate‑induced disasters in Sub‑Saharan Africa: a scoping review	The scholars reiterated immediate action regarding specific research and development of community‑engaged actions on the enhancement of coping mechanisms and well‑being of older people, especially those with disability experiencing climate‑influenced disasters. They noted a lack of studies examining the interplay between climate change and elderly health.
Hosseini et al. [17]	Climate crisis risks to elderly health: strategies for effective promotion and response	The scholars reported that climate change affects the health and well‑being of older people directly and indirectly. They recommended tailoring risk response strategies, and also awareness and standardization to improve risk management for the well‑being and resilience of older people in the climate change context.
Prina et al. [3]	Climate change and healthy ageing: An assessment of the impact of climate hazards on older people	They reported that there is an urgent need to address the effects of climate change on the health of the general population and re‑examine the impact of climate change on the health of elderly people. They recommended that it is important to identify ways to mitigate and adapt to climate change, engaging older people since it affects their health and healthy ageing.
Santino et al. [9]	Climate change and health: displaced and migrant populations must be included	They recalled that the link between climate change and health was recognized in 2023. The scientists explained that migration and displacement are naturally linked to health and climate change. However, they highlighted that little is known of the climate–migration–health triad. Furthermore, they noted an enormous scale of migration and displacement resulting from climate change, revealing that 24 million people are displaced by natural disasters annually, and this number is projected to increase to 1.2 billion people by 2050.
Foreignpolicy [18]	Strengthening global health in the face of climate change	They revealed that climate change is posing challenges on health and well‑being. They suggest that health systems need to scale up action against climate change in a sustainable way to adapt and mitigate climate change, especially for low‑ and middle‑income countries.
Haciibrahimoglu [8]	An Analysis of Climate Change: Identifying Research Trends in Global Warming	The researcher reported that global warming and climate change are pressing issues of the present era. They underscored the ecosystem effects of climate change with unavoidable loss of valuable species and noted that, on society, effects could lead to displacement or migration and affect human health. The researcher called for urgent collaborative action to adapt to climate change and global warming and mitigate climate change.
Lancet Countdown [2]	2025 Report—Lancet Countdown	The report of 128 experts draws attention to the worsening health effects of climate change, with millions of preventable deaths yearly resulting from increasing greenhouse gas emissions, failure to adequately adapt to climate change, and fossil fuel dependence. They noted that environmental conditions and planetary systems are increasingly being destabilized by climate change, worsening human health outcomes.
Morrison and Bliss [4]	The health‑climate‑security triad	The researchers noted that the climate change phenomenon is increasingly being recognized as a health crisis, resulting in increased pathogen threats, morbidity and mortality rates. They emphasized the importance of cooperation and the need for data‑driven strengthening of climate‑resilient health systems.
Stone [12]	Beyond borders: Collaborative approaches to global health security	They highlighted that in the midst of other issues, climate change poses significant threats to human health and stability. They noted that health systems across the world are weakened by security threats and inequality in resource allocation. They proposed that the world can establish global health security through lessons learnt from challenges and successes of past collaborative approaches to achieve resilient health systems against emerging health threats such as climate change.
World Health Organization [10]	Climate change and global health: WHO calls for migrant‑inclusive and climate‑resilient health systems	They reported that climate change is a risk factor for human displacement, as it worsens the situations of vulnerable populations, including women, children, and the elderly, resulting in enormous stress on health systems. The WHO suggested migrant inclusive and climate‑resilient health systems.