Table 1
Modified socioeconomic status questionnaire.
| ITEM | RESPONSE OPTIONS | CORRESPONDING SCORE |
|---|---|---|
| Education | University Post‑secondary/technical Secondary Primary Pre‑primary Never enrolled | 4 3 2 1 0 −1 |
| Housing type | Own cement (stairs) Own cement (bungalow) thatched/mud Rent Shared home Homeless | 4 3 2 1 0 −1 |
| Personal electronics | Radio, TV, cell phone, generator, cable/satellite | +1 for each item owned |
| Sleeping arrangements | 1 per bed 2 per bed 3 per bed Mat/floor >3 per bed | 4 3 2 1 0 |
| Drinking water source | Vendor/bottled/borehole Tap/shared borehole Well River/stream Rain | 4 3 2 1 0 |
| Toilet facilities | Own (self‑flush) Own (bucket) Shared Pit/latrine Public None/bush | 4 3 2 1 0 −1 |
| Food access | Restaurant weekly Supermarket weekly None Charity Street aid | 4 3 2 1 0 |
| Protein frequency | Daily >3×/week <3×/week Weekly Few/month | 4 3 2 1 0 |
| Transportation | Car+AC Car Motorcycle Bicycle Public Walking | 4 3 2 1 0 −1 |
| Total SES score | Score range: −4 to 36 Low SES: −4 to 11; medium SES: 12−23; high SES: 24−36 | |
Table 2
Visual‑related quality of life questionnaire.
| ITEM | YES | NO | DO NOT KNOW |
|---|---|---|---|
| Difficulty reading medicine/food labels | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Difficulty reading newspapers/books/forms | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Difficulty recognizing faces at a distance | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Difficulty visiting friends/family | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Difficulty sewing/cooking | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Difficulty seeing steps/stairs/gutters | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Unable to help with farming/outdoor chores | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Difficulty walking around home at night | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Pain or irritation in eyes | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Need help getting to church/gatherings | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Total VR‑QOL score | Sum of all items; range: −10 to 10 (<−5 low; −5 to 5 middle; >5 high) | ||
Table 3
Barriers‑to‑care questionnaire.
| ITEM | YES | NO | DO NOT KNOW |
|---|---|---|---|
| Distance to clinic limits seeking care | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Cost of visits limits seeking care | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Cost of medications limits adherence | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| First time learning high eye pressure causes vision loss | −1 | 1 | 0 |
| Knows difference between optometrist and ophthalmologist | 1 | −1 | 0 |
| Total barriers‑to‑care score | Sum of all items; range: −5 to 5 (<−2 low; −2 to 2 middle; >2 high) | ||
Figure 1
(A) Transportation source vs. barrier‑to‑care scores. Boxplots show barriers‑to‑care scores across transportation modes arranged by increasing sophistication; medians are represented by black horizontal lines and means by white open circles. (B) Transportation source vs. IOP. Boxplots show IOP across transportation modes arranged by increasing sophistication; medians are represented by black horizontal lines and means by white open circles.