Figure 1
Theory of change.
Figure 2
Training levels and data collection points.
NIHE: National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of provincial trainers and vaccine champions.
| CHARACTERISTICS | PROVINCIAL TRAINERS (N = 56) N (%) | VACCINE CHAMPIONS (N = 209) N (%) |
|---|---|---|
| EDUCATION LEVEL | N = 55 | N = 205 |
| High school or below | 1 (2) | 141 (69) |
| College, university or vocational education and training | 43 (78) | 56 (27) |
| Postgraduate (Masters or Doctor of Philosophy) | 11 (20) | 0 (0) |
| Other | 0 (0) | 8 (4) |
| PROFESSIONAL ROLE | N = 56 | N = 202 |
| Healtha | 37 (66) | 139 (69) |
| Communication | 14 (25) | N/A |
| Otherb | 5 (9) | 63 (31) |
| GENDER | N = 55 | N = 202 |
| Male | 29 (53) | 108 (54) |
| Female | 26 (47) | 93 (46) |
| Other or prefer not to say | 0 (0) | 1 (1) |
| LANGUAGE | N = 55 | N = 199 |
| Vietnamese | 54 (98) | 169 (85) |
| Otherc | 1 (2) | 30 (15) |
| REGION | N = 56 | N = 204 |
| Northwest | 2 (4) | 71 (35) |
| Northeast | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
| Red River Delta | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| North Central Coast | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
| South Central Coast | 4 (7) | 0 (0) |
| Central Highlands | 8 (14) | 90 (44) |
| Southeast | 7 (13) | 4 (2) |
| Mekong River Delta | 33 (59) | 39 (19) |
| NUMBER OF COVID‑19 VACCINE DOSES RECEIVED | N = 56 | N = 206 |
| 0 | 0 (0) | 2 (1) |
| 1 | 1 (2) | 0 (0) |
| 2 | 1 (2) | 2 (1) |
| 3 | 6 (11) | 35 (17) |
| More than 3 | 48 (86) | 167 (81) |
| INTENTION TO RECEIVE ANOTHER COVID‑19 VACCINE DOSE, IF RECOMMENDED | N = 56 | N = 204 |
| Yes | 47 (84) | 195 (96) |
| No | 4 (7) | 6 (3) |
| Not sure | 5 (9) | 3 (1) |
[i] aFor provincial trainers, health workers included professions such as doctors, nurses, pharmacists and village health workers. For vaccine champions, health workers included professions such as village health workers, health workers and vaccination programme staff. bFor vaccine champions, ‘other’ included teachers, youth workers, police, community‑based organisations (e.g. non‑government organisations), government officials, Public Health students, tradespersons and faith leaders. N/A – not applicable. We asked the vaccine champions if they had a background in health or not; we did not give them a response option for ‘communication’. cFor vaccine champions, other languages spoken include Hmong or Mong, Khmer, Khmu (K’mu), Other, Xo Dang.
Table 2
Changes in effectiveness outcomes for provincial trainers and vaccine champions.
| MEASURE | LEVEL 1 PROVINCIAL TRAINERS (N = 56) | LEVEL 2 VACCINE CHAMPIONS (N = 209) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VACCINE KNOWLEDGE | N | PRE‑N (%) | POST‑N (%) | DIFF (95% CI) | P‑VALUE | N | PRE‑N (%) | POST‑N (%) | DIFF (95% CI) | P‑VALUE |
| Correct identification of true statements about vaccines | 43 | 41 (95) | 41 (95) | 0.0 (−11.4 to 11.4) | 1.000 | 138 | 109 (79) | 120 (87) | 8.0 (−0.5 to 16.5) | 0.071 |
| Correct identification of vaccine communication techniques | 41 | 27 (66) | 27 (66) | 0.0 (−17.6 to 17.6) | 1.000 | 118 | 31 (26) | 37 (31) | 5.1 (−4.2 to 14.4) | 0.327 |
| Correct identification of vaccines NOT on the routine childhood schedule | 44 | 44 (100) | 44 (100) | 0.0 (−2.3 to 2.3) | 1.000 | 188 | 177 (94) | 178 (95) | 0.5 (−4.0 to 5.1) | 1.000 |
| Overall knowledge (all three correct) | 39 | 25 (64) | 27 (70) | 5.1 (−13.2 to 23.5) | 0.754 | 90 | 24 (27) | 32 (36) | 8.9 (−1.8 to 19.6) | 0.115 |
| COMMUNICATION SELF‑EFFICACY (VERY CONFIDENT IN YOUR ABILITY TO…) | N | PRE‑N (%) | POST‑N (%) | DIFF (95% CI) | P‑VALUE | N | PRE‑N (%) | POST‑N (%) | DIFF (95% CI) | P‑VALUE |
| Talk about the side effects of vaccines | 44 | 3 (7) | 15 (34) | 27.3 (10.4 to 44.1) | 0.002 | 195 | 38 (20) | 68 (35) | 15.4 (7.4 to 23.4) | <0.001 |
| Talk about the benefits of vaccines | 46 | 5 (11) | 18 (39) | 28.3 (11.7 to 44.8) | 0.001 | 193 | 44 (23) | 77 (40) | 17.1 (9.3 to 24.9) | <0.001 |
| Help someone find information about vaccines | 44 | 1 (2) | 13 (30) | 27.3 (10.4 to 44.1) | 0.002 | 193 | 37 (19) | 69 (36) | 16.6 (8.7 to 24.5) | <0.001 |
| Start a conversation about vaccines with a hesitant person | 46 | 1 (2) | 12 (26) | 23.9 (8.0 to 39.8) | 0.003 | 190 | 31 (16) | 63 (33) | 16.8 (9.3 to 24.4) | <0.001 |
| TRUST AND CONFIDENCE | N | PRE‑N (%) | POST‑N (%) | DIFF (95% CI) | P‑VALUE | N | PRE‑N (%) | POST‑N (%) | DIFF (95% CI) | P‑VALUE |
| Trust the health system that provides vaccines very much | 45 | 28 (62) | 39 (87) | 24.4 (6.9 to 41.9) | 0.007 | 188 | 130 (69) | 150 (80) | 10.6 (3.0 to 18.2) | 0.006 |
| Think getting a COVID‑19 vaccine is very important for your health | 45 | 30 (67) | 41 (91) | 24.4 (8.2 to 40.7) | 0.003 | 188 | 146 (78) | 161 (86) | 8.0 (0.7 to 15.3) | 0.032 |
[i] Pre = pre‑training result. Post = post‑training result. Diff = difference in proportions (%). CI = confidence interval. For each question, missing has been treated as missing, therefore, the sample size will vary for each question. For example, 46 provincial trainers completed both pre‑ and post‑surveys. If n = 43, three people did not answer that question in at least one of the surveys. For overall knowledge, the sample size is smaller because anyone who has not answered all three questions has been excluded.
Figure 3
Percentage difference in effectiveness outcomes (post‑training compared to pre‑training) for vaccine champions with a health and non‑health background.
| BCG | Bacille Calmette‑Guérin |
| COVID‑19 | Coronavirus Disease 2019 |
| EPI | Expanded Program on Immunisation |
| HREC | Human Research Ethics Committee |
| N/A | Not Applicable |
| NIHE | National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology |
| RE‑AIM | Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance |
| SDG3 | Sustainable Development Goal Three |
| STROBE | Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology |
| UNICEF | United Nations Children’s Fund |