References
- Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660.
- Jiang J, Xie Z, Wang Q, et al. Epidemiological trends in gastrointestinal cancers and risk factors across US states from 2000 to 2021: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):43.
- Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori update: Gastric cancer, reliable therapy, and possible benefits. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(4):719.e3–731.e3.
- Shah SC, McKinley M, Gupta S, Peek RM
Jr , Martinez ME, Gomez SL. Population‑based analysis of differences in gastric cancer incidence among races and ethnicities in individuals age 50 years and older. Gastroenterology. 2020;159:1705.e2–1714.e2. - Kendrick P, Kelly YO, Baumann MM, et al. The burden of stomach cancer mortality by county, race, and ethnicity in the USA, 2000–2019: A systematic analysis of health disparities. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023;24:100547.
- Moore LV, Diez Roux AV. Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(2):325–331.
- Lee E, Liu L, Zhang J, et al. Stomach cancer disparity among Korean Americans by tumor characteristics: Comparison with non‑Hispanic whites, Japanese Americans, South Koreans, and Japanese. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2017;26(4):587–596.
- Zhan C, Qiu B, Wang J, Li Y, Yu J. Temporal and spatial trends in gastric cancer burden in the USA from 1990 to 2021: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2021. Front Oncol. 2024;14:1499384.
- Qin N, Fan Y, Yang T, Yang Z, Fan D. The burden of gastric cancer and possible risk factors from 1990 to 2021, and projections until 2035: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Biomarker Res. 2025;13(1):5.
- GBD 2017 Stomach Cancer Collaborators. The global, regional, and national burden of stomach cancer in 195 countries, 1990–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(1):42–54. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30328-0.
- Hyun CS, Wang R, Kim YS, et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma in the United States: The toll of late diagnosis and racial and geographic disparities. JCO Oncol Adv. 2025;2(1):e2500063.
- Balakrishnan M, George R, Sharma A, Graham DY, Malaty HM. An investigation into the recent increase in gastric cancer in the USA. Dig Dis sci. 2018;63:1613–1619.
- Rabkin CS. The uneven decline of gastric cancer in the USA: Epidemiology of a health disparity. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2023;24:100551.
- Ju MR, Wang SC, Mansour JC, et al. Disparities in guideline‑concordant treatment and survival among border county residents with gastric cancer. JCO Oncol Pract. 2022;18(5):e748–e58.
- Liapis I, Harsono AAH, Sanghera J, et al. Patient‑reported barriers to foregut cancer care in the Deep South. Ann Surg Oncol. 2025;32(6):3900–3912.
- Nduma BN, Ambe S, Ekhator C, Fonkem E. Falling trend in the epidemiology of gastric cancer in Mississippi from 2003 to 2019: What Mississippi got right. Cureus. 2022;14(11):e31440.
- Nwafor JN, Figueroa AS, Okobi OE, et al. Obesity‑associated cancers: A United States Cancer Statistics (USCS) Database Analysis. Cureus. 2025;17(5):e84610.
- Solanki S, Chakinala RC, Haq KF, et al. Inpatient burden of gastric cancer in the United States. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(23):772.
- Rota M, Alicandro G, Pelucchi C, et al. Education and gastric cancer risk—An individual participant data meta‐analysis in the stop project Consortium. Int J Cancer. 2020;146(3):671–681.
- Gaddy JA, Radin JN, Loh JT, et al. High dietary salt intake exacerbates Helicobacter pylori‑induced gastric carcinogenesis. Infect Immun. 2013;81(6):2258–2267. doi:10.1128/iai.01271-12. Epub 20130408. PubMed PMID: 23569116; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3676043.
- Rota M, Possenti I, Valsassina V, et al. Dose–response association between cigarette smoking and gastric cancer risk: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Gastric Cancer. 2024;27(2):197–209.
- Wu B, Yang D, Yang S, Zhang G. Dietary salt intake and gastric cancer risk: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Front Nutr. 2021;8:801228.
- Peleteiro B, Lopes C, Figueiredo C, Lunet N. Salt intake and gastric cancer risk according to Helicobacter pylori infection, smoking, tumour site and histological type. Br J Cancer. 2011;104(1):198–207.
- Mok JW, Oh YH, Magge D, Padmanabhan S. Racial disparities of gastric cancer in the USA: An overview of epidemiology, global screening guidelines, and targeted screening in a heterogeneous population. Gastric Cancer. 2024;27(3):426–438.
- Dong E, Duan L, Wu BU. Racial and ethnic minorities at increased risk for gastric cancer in a regional US population study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(4):511–517.
- Kim GH, Liang PS, Bang SJ, Hwang JH. Screening and surveillance for gastric cancer in the United States: Is it needed? Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;84(1):18–28.
- Park JY, Von Karsa L, Herrero R. Prevention strategies for gastric cancer: A global perspective. Clin Endosc. 2014;47(6):478–489.
- Yashima K, Shabana M, Kurumi H, Kawaguchi K, Isomoto H. Gastric cancer screening in Japan: A narrative review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(15):4337.
- Stroobant EE, Kong S‑H, Bencivenga M, et al. Korea, Japan, Europe, and the United States: Why are guidelines for gastric cancer different? Gastric Cancer. 2025;28(4):559–568.
- Xia JY, Aadam AA. Advances in screening and detection of gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2022;125(7):1104–1109. doi:10.1002/jso.26844.
