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Spatial Analysis on Dengue Fever Vulnerability in the Provinces of South Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia Cover

Spatial Analysis on Dengue Fever Vulnerability in the Provinces of South Sulawesi and East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia

Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Six variables used to map the vulnerability area.

NO.VARIABLEWEIGHTCLASSSCORE
1Distance to Pond25<30 m3
30–100 m2
>100 m1
2Distance to Drain35<40 m3
40–80 m2
>80 m1
3Building Density25<0.331
0.33–0.662
>0.663
4Distance to Health Facility5<500 m1
500–1000 m2
>1000 m3
5Distance to Social Activity Center (market, shopping center, business districts)5<500 m3
500–1000 m2
>1000 m1
6Elevation5<253
25–1002
>1001
aogh-91-1-4915-g1.png
Figure 1

Mapped variables in Makassar City.

aogh-91-1-4915-g2.png
Figure 2

Vulnerability area and outbreaks map of Makassar City.

aogh-91-1-4915-g3.png
Figure 3

Mapped variables in Maros Regency.

aogh-91-1-4915-g4.png
Figure 4

Vulnerability area and outbreaks map of Maros Regency.

aogh-91-1-4915-g5.png
Figure 5

Mapped variables in Luwu Utara Regency.

aogh-91-1-4915-g6.png
Figure 6

Vulnerability area and outbreaks map of Luwu Utara Regency.

aogh-91-1-4915-g7.png
Figure 7

Mapped variables in Kupang City.

aogh-91-1-4915-g8.png
Figure 8

Vulnerability area and outbreaks map of Kupang City.

aogh-91-1-4915-g9.png
Figure 9

Mapped variables in Sikka Regency.

aogh-91-1-4915-g10.png
Figure 10

Vulnerability area and outbreaks map in Sikka Regency.

aogh-91-1-4915-g11.png
Figure 11

Mapped variables in Alor Regency.

aogh-91-1-4915-g12.png
Figure 12

Vulnerability area and outbreaks map of Alor Regency.

Table 2

MCE results of Makassar City, Maros Regency, and Luwu Utara Regency.

VARIABLESMAKASSAR CITYMAROS REGENCYLUWU UTARA REGENCY
Building densityUjung Pandang subdistrict is the most crowded region, where covered by dense buildings and settlementsMaros, Maros Baru, Marusu, and Bontoa are the most crowded regions where covered with dense buildings and settlementsThe most crowded areas are in the southeast (suburban Malangke and Malangke Barat), with moderate to low buildings and settlements
TopographyThe highest elevation is located in the east and northeast (suburban Biring Kanaya and Tamalanrea, 30 MASL)The highest elevation is located in the east and northeast (suburban Malawa and Cenrana, 1555 MASL)The highest elevation is located in the west and northwest (suburban Seko and Rampi, 3012 MASL)
Distance to health facilitiesThe west region is better supported with medical facilitiesAll are located more than 1 km away using Euclidean distanceThe east region is more supported with medical facilities than the northwest region
Distance to drainageThe major drain flows from the northeast region to the westThe major drain flows from the northeast region to the westThe major drain flows from the northwest and west region to the east
Distance to the activity hotspotThe majority in the Ujung Pandang Subdistrict and MamajangThe majority in suburban Maros, Maros Baru, and MarusuThe majority are located in the southeast region (suburban Malangke, Malangke Barat, and Baebunta)
Distance to pondsIt stretched and flew from the east region (suburban Biring Kanaya) to the west to Ujung PandangMajor and permanent water bodies are located within the suburban Maros, Maros Baru, Bontoa, and Lau regionsMajor and permanent water bodies located near the ocean, including suburban Malangke and Malangke Barat
Table 3

MCE results of Kupang City, Sikka Regency, and Alor Regency.

VARIABLESKUPANG CITYSIKKA REGENCYALOR REGENCY
Building densityKupang City is its most crowded region, where covered by dense buildings and settlementsMagepanda and Alok Barat as its most crowded regions, covered by dense buildings and settlements, and located along the western coastAlor Timur and Pantar Tengah are the most crowded regions where covered by dense buildings and settlements
TopographyThe highest elevation is located in the east and northeast (suburban Biring Kanaya and Tamalanrea, 30 MASL)The highest elevation is located in the west and central region (Tana Wawo and Mego, 1663 MASL)The highest elevation is located at the center of the island (Alor Selatan, 1815 MASL)
Distance to health facilitiesThe west region is better supported with medical facilitiesShown that minimal medical facilities and a health center are located in Sikka RegencyThe western regions are better supported with medical facilities
Distance to drainageThe major drain flows from the northeast region to the westThe major drain flows from the northeast region to the westThe major drain flows from the center of the region
Distance to the activity hotspotThe majority in the Ujung Pandang Subdistrict and MamajangCrowded region such as Magepanda and Alok Barat shows major activity hotspots compared to the other regionsThe majority in the region of Alor Timur and Pantar Tengah
Distance to pondsIt stretched and flew from the east region (suburban Biring Kanaya) to the west to Ujung PandangMajor and permanent water bodies, such as ponds and major rivers, are on average further than 100 m from Sikka RegencyMajor and permanent water bodies generally farther than 100 m
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4915 | Journal eISSN: 2214-9996
Language: English
Submitted on: Aug 7, 2025
Accepted on: Nov 22, 2025
Published on: Dec 15, 2025
Published by: Ubiquity Press
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 1 issue per year

© 2025 Budi Haryanto, Febi Dwirahmadi, Triarko Nurlambang, Al Asyary, published by Ubiquity Press
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.