References
- Cross TL. EPA, HHS to reassess fluoride in drinking water. CNN. Published April 7, 2025. Accessed April 17, 2025.
https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/07/health/epa-hhs-fluoride-drinking-water/index.html . - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA will expeditiously review new science on fluoride in drinking water. Published April 7, 2025. Accessed April 23, 2025.
https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-will-expeditiously-review-new-science-fluoride-drinking-water . - National Research Council. Fluoride in drinking water: A scientific review of EPA’s standards. National Research Council. Published 2006. Accessed April 22, 2025.
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11571/fluoride-in-drinking-water-a-scientific-review-of-epas-standards . - National Toxicology Program. Systematic Literature Review on the Effects of Fluoride on Learning and Memory in Animal Studies. 2016. doi:10.22427/NTP-RR-1.
- National Toxicology Program. NTP monograph on the state of the science concerning fluoride exposure and neurodevelopment and cognition: A systematic review. NTP monograph 08. 2024;8:NTP‑MGRAPH‑8.
- Taylor KW, Efrim SE, Sibrizzi CA, et al. Fluoride exposure and children’s IQ scores: A systematic review and meta‑analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2025;179(3):282–292. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2024.5542.
- National Toxicology Program. Fluoride exposure: Neurodevelopment and cognition. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Published August 21, 2024. Accessed April 17, 2025.
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/whatwestudy/assessments/noncancer/completed/fluoride . - Fluoride Action Network. EPA Lawsuit. 2024. Accessed April 17, 2025.
https://fluoridealert.org/key-topics/epa-lawsuit/ . - Food & Water Watch Inc v U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, No. 20‑cv‑02162‑EMC (N.D. Cal. filed June 8, 2020).
- Savitz DA, Wellenius GA. Can cross‑sectional studies contribute to causal inference? It depends. Am J Epidemiol. 2023;192(4):514–516. doi:10.1093/aje/kwac037. PMID: 35231933.
- National Toxicology Program (NTP). Handbook for Conducting a Literature‑based Health Assessment using Ohat Approach for Systematic Review and Evidence Integration. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program; 2019. Accessed April 17, 2025.
https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/sites/default/files/ntp/ohat/pubs/handbookmarch2019_508.pdf . - National Toxicology Program (NTP). NTP report on Carcinogens Handbook on methods for conducting cancer hazard evaluations. Research Triangle Park, NC: National Toxicology Program; 2025. doi:10.22427/NTP-OTHER-1008.
- Arroyave WD, Mehta SS, Guha N, et al. Challenges and recommendations on the conduct of systematic reviews of observational epidemiologic studies in environmental and occupational health. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. February 2021;31(1):21–30. doi:10.1038/s41370-020-0228-0.
- Till C, Grandjean P, Martinez‑Mier EA, Hu H, Lanphear B. Health risks and benefits of fluoride exposure during pregnancy and infancy. Annu Rev Public Health. 2025;46(1):253–274. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-060722-023526.