Table 1
Occupation of MANOS COVID-19 study participants in El Salvador1.
| INDUSTRY OF EMPLOYMENT | MANOS BASELINE (2018; n = 279) n (%) | COVID-19 STUDY (2020; n = 215) n (%) | CHANGE DUE TO THE PANDEMIC2 (MARCH-SEPTEMBER 2020) n (%)3 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sugarcane | 111 (39.8) | 35 (16.3) | 10 (28.6) |
| Corn production | 110 (39.4) | 89 (41.4) | 19 (21.4) |
| Road construction | 58 (20.8) | 38 (17.7) | 14 (36.8) |
| Other – non-agriculture | 0 | 26 (12.1) | 15 (65.2) |
| Other – agriculture | 0 | 8 (3.7) | 4 (50.0) |
| Unemployed | 0 | 19 (8.8) | 19 (100.0) |
[i] 1 Median age is 30 years (range: 20–47 years).
2 Reflected unexpected and unplanned changes to regular employment.
3 Percentage reflects workers reporting employment change/industry at time of study.
Table 2
Food insecurity, income insecurity and reduced access to medical care due to the COVID-19 pandemic experienced by MANOS participants in El Salvador, March-September 2020 (n = 215).
| BY CKD STATUS1 | BY INDUSTRY OF EMPLOYMENT2 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOTAL (n = 215) n (%) | PARTICIPANTS WITH CKD (n = 27)n (%)1 | PARTICIPANTS WITHOUT CKD (n = 188)n (%) | ODDS RATIO (95%CI)3 | SUGARCANE (n = 35)n (%) | CORN (n = 89) n (%) | ROAD CONSTRUCTION (n = 38)n (%) | UNEMPLOYED (n = 19) n (%) | |
| New food insecurity4 | 31 (14.4) | 8 (29.6) | 23 (12.2) | 5.2 (1.8, 15.2) | 4 (11.4) | 15 (16.9) | 4 (10.5) | 6 (31.6) |
| New income insecurity | 12 (5.6) | 5 (18.5) | 7 (3.7) | 10.8 (2.8, 41.9) | 2 (5.7) | 4 (4.5) | 2 (5.3) | 4 (21.1) |
| New moderate or severe reductions in access to medical care | 67 (31.2) | 12 (44.4) | 55 (29.3) | 2.2 (0.89, 5.3) | 8 (22.9) | 28 (31.5) | 14 (36.8) | 9 (47.4) |
[i] 1 CKD defined as eGFR measurements of <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 2+ study visits with a six-month gap from 2018–2020.
2 Counts for individuals reporting other industries of employment not presented due to small counts.
3 OR reflecting magnitude of effect comparing participants with CKD to those without CKD. Results generated from age-adjusted logistic regression.
4 Differences in incidence of food insecurity, income insecurity and reduced access to medical care did not differ by industry in Fisher’s Exact Tests (p > 0.05).
Table 3
Characteristics and risk factors for ≥3 COVID-19-associated symptoms among MANOS participants in El Salvador, March-September 2020 (n = 215).
| CUMULATIVE INCIDENCE (95% CI) | |
|---|---|
| ≥3 COVID-19 associated symptoms | 7.0 (4.0, 11.2) |
| Without CKD | 6.4 (3.6, 10.9) |
| With CKD | 11.1 (3.4, 30.6) |
| Risk factors for ≥3 COVID-19 associated symptoms | Odds Ratio (95% CI)1 |
| Agricultural employment at time of interview | 0.77 (0.26, 2.3) |
| CKD | 1.2 (0.27, 5.5) |
[i] 1 Odds ratios generated from age-adjusted logistic regression.