Figure 1
Schematic presentation of sampling procedure.
Table 1
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | FREQUENCY | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 102 | 48.1% |
| Female | 110 | 51.9% | |
| Health center name | Addis raey | 35 | 16.5% |
| Akaki | 15 | 7.1% | |
| Kebena | 16 | 7.5% | |
| Goro | 31 | 14.6% | |
| Addisu gebya | 14 | 6.6% | |
| Kazanchis | 10 | 4.7% | |
| Alembank | 14 | 6.6% | |
| T/haymanot | 14 | 6.6% | |
| Woreda 02 | 33 | 15.6% | |
| Woreda 13 | 30 | 14.2% | |
| Age | 18–34 | 64 | 30.2% |
| 35–54 | 97 | 45.8% | |
| ≥55 | 51 | 24.1% | |
| Marital status | Single | 59 | 27.8% |
| Married | 95 | 44.8% | |
| Widowed | 25 | 11.8% | |
| Divorced | 21 | 9.9% | |
| Separated | 12 | 5.7% | |
| Level of education | No formal education, cannot read or write | 28 | 13.2% |
| No formal education, can read or write | 41 | 19.3% | |
| Primary education | 57 | 26.9% | |
| Secondary education | 44 | 20.8% | |
| Diploma and above | 42 | 19.8% | |
| Religion | Orthodox | 127 | 59.9% |
| Muslim | 51 | 24.1% | |
| Protestant | 21 | 9.9% | |
| Catholic | 8 | 3.8% | |
| Others | 5 | 2.4% | |
| Occupation | Student | 13 | 6.1% |
| Daily laborer | 42 | 19.8% | |
| Merchant | 38 | 17.9% | |
| Governmental employee | 36 | 17.0% | |
| Private/NGO employee | 29 | 13.7% | |
| Farmer | 2 | 0.9% | |
| Unemployed | 52 | 24.5% | |
| Family size | One | 46 | 21.7% |
| Two | 54 | 25.5% | |
| ≥ three | 112 | 52.8% | |
| Average monthly income | ≤1000 Eth. Birr | 16 | 7.5% |
| 1001–3000 Eth. Birr | 49 | 23.1% | |
| 3001–10000 Eth. Birr | 112 | 52.8% | |
| >10000 Eth. Birr | 35 | 16.5% |
[i] NB: NGO- Non-governmental organization; Eth. Birr-Ethiopian Birr.
Table 2
Respondents’ awareness on COVID-19 preventive measures, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | FREQUENCY | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stay at home | Disagree | 52 | 24.5% |
| Agree | 160 | 75.5% | |
| Maintain physical distancing | Disagree | 72 | 34.0% |
| Agree | 140 | 66.0% | |
| Avoid close contact | Disagree | 70 | 33.0% |
| Agree | 142 | 67.0% | |
| Cover mouth and nose with a facemask | Disagree | 21 | 9.9% |
| Agree | 191 | 90.1% | |
| Frequent handwashing with soap | Disagree | 36 | 17.0% |
| Agree | 176 | 83.0% | |
| Avoid touching of eyes, nose and mouth | Disagree | 47 | 22.2% |
| Agree | 165 | 77.8% | |
| Avoid mass gathering | Disagree | 78 | 36.8% |
| Agree | 134 | 63.2% | |
| Restrict movement | Disagree | 88 | 41.5% |
| Agree | 124 | 58.5% | |
| Use disinfectants | Disagree | 36 | 17.0% |
| Agree | 176 | 83.0% |
Table 3
Participants’ financial burden of COVID-19 preventive measures, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | FREQUENCY | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stay at home | No | 212 | 100.0% |
| Yes | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Cover mouth and nose with facemask | No | 105 | 49.5% |
| Yes | 107 | 50.5% | |
| Wash hands with soap frequently | No | 162 | 76.4% |
| Yes | 50 | 23.6% | |
| Use disinfectants as asppropriate | No | 106 | 50.0% |
| Yes | 106 | 50.0% |
Table 4
Participants’ response on health care facility and service delivery during COVID-19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | FREQUENCY | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Visits the facility during high COVID-19 time | No | 0 | 0.0% |
| Yes | 212 | 100.0% | |
| Treated differently | Yes | 173 | 81.6% |
| No | 39 | 18.4% | |
| Unusual procedures were in place | Yes | 131 | 75.7% |
| No | 42 | 24.3% | |
| Unusual procedure (if any) | COVID-19 creening | 62 | 47.3% |
| COVID-19 PCR | 69 | 52.7% | |
| COVID-19 chest CT | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Others | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Obliged to change the health center because of COVID-19 | Yes | 6 | 2.8% |
| No | 206 | 97.2% | |
| Denied healthcare services | Yes | 33 | 15.6% |
| No | 179 | 84.4% | |
| Obtained polite and respectful services | Yes | 211 | 99.5% |
| No | 1 | 0.5% | |
| Listened well and got satisfactory answers to queries | Yes | 211 | 99.5% |
| No | 1 | 0.5% | |
| Gained considerable attention regarding individual needs | Yes | 208 | 98.1% |
| No | 4 | 1.9% | |
| Physically assaulted by providers | Yes | 1 | 0.5% |
| No | 211 | 99.5% | |
| Received prompt action for your health conditions or comorbidities | Yes | 128 | 60.4% |
| No | 84 | 49.6% |
[i] NB: PCR- polymerase chain reaction; CT- computed tomography; COVID-19- coronavirus disease 2019.
Table 5
Response of study participants on health care facility and service delivery during COVID-19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | FREQUENCY | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Providers give health education on COVID-19 | Agree | 208 | 98.1% |
| Disagree | 4 | 1.9% | |
| Health center provides COVID-19 screening | Agree | 133 | 62.7% |
| Disagree | 79 | 37.3% | |
| Providers wear gloves during caregiving | Agree | 211 | 99.5% |
| Disagree | 1 | 0.5% | |
| Providers wear mask during caregiving | Agree | 211 | 99.5% |
| Disagree | 1 | 0.5% | |
| Health center has water at entry for handwashing | Agree | 203 | 95.8% |
| Disagree | 9 | 4.2% | |
| Health center has soap at entry for handwashing | Agree | 202 | 95.3% |
| Disagree | 10 | 4.7% | |
| Health center has sanitizer at entry for hand cleaning | Agree | 80 | 37.7% |
| Disagree | 132 | 62.3% |
Table 6
Response of study participants on medications and follow-up during COVID-19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | FREQUENCY | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Accessed pharmacy readily | Yes | 199 | 93.9% |
| No | 13 | 6.1% | |
| Ordered with drugs and supplies | Yes | 212 | 100.0% |
| No | 0 | 0.0% | |
| Missed appointments or visits | Yes | 40 | 18.9% |
| No | 172 | 81.1% | |
| Obtained follow-up laboratory tests | Yes | 171 | 80.7% |
| No | 41 | 19.3% | |
| Obtained follow-up counseling on medication or health status | Yes | 175 | 82.5% |
| No | 37 | 17.5% |
Table 7
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of appointments for refill during COVID-19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| MISSED APPOINTMENTS | ODDS RATIO | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | CATEGORY | NO | YES | COR (CI) | AOR (CI) | P VALUE |
| Fear of COVID-19 | No | 45 (26.2%) | 1 (2.5%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 127 (73.8%) | 39 (97.5%) | 40.93 (13.575–123.437) | 4.25 (1.710–25.446) | 0.013* | |
| Transport disruption | No | 87 (50.6%) | 4 (10.0%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 85 (49.4%) | 36 (90.0%) | 9.21 (3.143–27.000) | 8.88 (1.618–48.761) | 0.012* | |
| Partial lockdown | No | 68 (39.5%) | 1 (2.5%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 104 (60.5%) | 39 (97.5%) | 47.73 (16.896–134.815) | 6.56 (1.300–33.131) | 0.023* | |
| Reduced income to travel | No | 53 (30.8%) | 1 (2.5%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 119 (69.2%) | 39 (97.5%) | 50.53 (11.725–217.789) | 10.26 (1.552–67.882) | 0.016* | |
| Unable to access mask | No | 81 (47.1%) | 2 (5.0%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 91 (52.9%) | 38 (95.0%) | 145.80 (0.283–491.13) | 11.15 (2.164–57.437) | 0.004* | |
| Staff seem uncomfortable | No | 120 (69.8%) | 21 (52.5%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 52 (30.2%) | 19 (47.5%) | 36.00 (12.972–99.909) | 5.69 (1.174–27.602) | 0.031* | |
Table 8
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of follow-up tests during COVID-19, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| FOLLOW-UP TEST | ODDS RATIO | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | CATEGORY | NO | YES | COR (CI) | AOR (CI) | P VALUE |
| Age | 18–34 | 7 (17.1%) | 57 (33.3%) | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–54 | 8 (19.5%) | 89 (52.1%) | 1.56 (0.433–5.635) | 3.28 (0.483–22.327) | 0.224 | |
| ≥55 | 26 (63.4%) | 25 (14.6%) | 0.07 (0.025–0.203) | 0.14 (0.022–0.836) | 0.031* | |
| Partial | No | 1 (2.4%) | 68 (39.8%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Lockdown | Yes | 40 (97.6%) | 103 (60.2%) | 0.03 (0.010–0.067) | 0.16 (0.028–0.903) | 0.038* |
| Transport disruption | No | 5 (12.2%) | 86 (50.3%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 36 (87.8%) | 85 (49.7%) | 0.14 (0.051–0.367) | 0.18 (0.043–0.800) | 0.024* | |
| Fear of COVID-19 | No | 2 (4.9%) | 44 (25.7%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 39 (95.1%) | 127 (74.3%) | 0.03 (0.011–0.085) | 0.12 (0.019–0.779) | 0.026* | |
| Unable to access mask | No | 3 (7.3%) | 80 (46.8%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 38 (92.7%) | 91 (53.2%) | 0.01 (0.003–0.027 | 0.06 (0.009–0.374) | 0.003* | |
| Denied health services | No | 15 (36.6%) | 159 (93.0%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 26 (63.4%) | 12 (7.0%) | 0.04 (0.018–0.103) | 0.11 (0.020–0.641) | 0.014* | |
[i] * Statistically significant at p-value < 0.05, COR = crude odds ratio at 95% confidence interval; AOR = adjusted odds ratio at 95% confidence interval.
Table 9
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of counseling during the COVID-19 pandemic, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| COUNSELING DONE | ODDS RATIO | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLE | CATEGORY | NO | YES | COR (CI) | AOR (CI) | P VALUE |
| Age | 18–34 | 3 (8.1%) | 59 (33.7%) | 1 | 1 | |
| 35–54 | 5 (13.5%) | 89 (50.9%) | 0.90 (0.208–3.931) | 0.33 (0.022–4.805) | 0.414 | |
| ≥55 | 29 (78.4%) | 27 (15.4%) | 0.05 (0.013–0.169) | 0.06 (0.005–0.905) | 0.042* | |
| Partial lockdown | No | 1 (2.7%) | 68 (38.9%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 36 (97.3%) | 107 (61.1%) | 0.03 (0.009–0.073) | 0.03 (0.001–0.772) | 0.034* | |
| Fear of COVID-19 | No | 1 (2.7%) | 45 (25.7%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 36 (97.3%) | 130 (74.3%) | 0.02 (0.006–0.071) | 0.03 (0.002–0.532) | 0.017* | |
| Stigma | No | 14 (37.8%) | 173 (98.9%) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 23 (62.2%) | 2 (1.1%) | 0.01 (0.002–0.033) | 0.01 (0.000–0.115) | 0.002* | |
[i] * Statistically significant at p-value < 0.05, COR = crude odds ratio at 95% confidence interval; AOR = adjusted odds ratio at 95% confidence interval.