Table 1
The nutritional status by the selected baseline study characteristics, among children and their mothers in the Boricha district of Southern Ethiopia; March 2017.
| BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS | CHILD MALNUTRITION (N = 935 CHILDREN: 3312 MEASUREMENTS) | MATERNAL MALNUTRITION (N = 892 MOTHERS: 3179 MEASUREMENTS) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| STUNTING | THINNESS | |||
| MEAN (95% CI) | % WITH Z-SCORE < –2 | MEAN (95%CI) | BMI <18.5 KG/M2 | |
| Child age (in months) | ||||
| 6–11 | –0.9 (–1.21, –0.64) | 35 (25.2%) | 19.9 (19.48, 20.34) | 40 (30.8%) |
| 12–23 | –1.5 (–1.63, –1.34) | 316 (43.5%) | 19.6 (19.47, 19.80) | 214 (31.2%) |
| 24–35 | –1.6 (–1.72, –1.47) | 328 (39.7%) | 19.85 (19.67, 20.03) | 226 (28.3%) |
| 36 and above | –1.8 (–1.93, –1.76) | 729 (44.9%) | 20.3 (20.19, 20.44) | 351 (23.5%) |
| Child sex | ||||
| Male | –1.7 (–1.79, –1.62) | 791 (44.1%) | 20.1 (19.97, 20.20) | 443 (25.5%) |
| Female | –1.6 (–1.71, –1.53) | 617 (40.6%) | 20.0 (19.84, 20.10) | 410 (28.5%) |
| Mother’s age (in years) | ||||
| 19 and below | –1.3 (–1.98, –0.65) | 2 (33.3%) | 24.7 (23.17, 26.23) | 0 |
| 20–29 | –1.6 (–1.65, –1.49) | 742 (39.3%) | 20.4 (20.30, 20.52) | 374 (20.8%) |
| 30–39 | –1.8 (–1.86, –1.66) | 607 (46.3%) | 19.5 (19.35, 19.62) | 447 (35.4%) |
| 40 and above | –1.9 (–2.19, –1.52) | 34 (42.0%) | 19.8 (19.16, 20.42) | 28 (33.3%) |
| Household food insecurity | ||||
| Food secured | –1.7 (–1.83, –1.52) | 229 (40.2%) | 20.5 (20.25, 20.69) | 124 (21.7%) |
| Food in-secure | –1.7 (–1.74, –1.60) | 1,174 (43.1%) | 19.9 (19.84, 20.03) | 729 (28.1%) |
| Household dietary diversity | ||||
| <=3 | –1.5 (–1.64, –1.29) | 189 (39.5%) | 20.2 (19.98, 20.42) | 116 (24.5%) |
| >4 | –1.8 (–1.84, –1.69) | 878 (44.6%) | 20.0 (19.86, 20.10) | 536 (27.4%) |
| Wealth quantiles | ||||
| Poorest | –1.9 (–2.03, –1.72) | 331 (50.2%) | 19.7 (19.48, 19.85) | 216 (31.5%) |
| Poor | –1.6 (–1.78, –1.51) | 293 (42.5%) | 20.0 (19.79, 20.17) | 186 (28.8%) |
| Medium | –1.7 (–1.79, –1.51) | 258 (40.8%) | 20.3 (20.14, 20.53) | 120 (20.6%) |
| Rich | –1.7 (–1.81, –1.55) | 290 (42.8%) | 20.0 (19.77, 20.18) | 180 (29.3%) |
| Richest | –1.4 (–1.57, –1.32) | 224 (35.2%) | 20.2 (20.03, 20.41) | 155 (24.6%) |
| Family size | ||||
| <=5 | –1.7 (–1.73, –1.57) | 804 (41.9%) | 20.1 (20.01, 20.23) | 447 (24.5%) |
| >5 | –1.7 (–1.81, –1.61) | 532 (44.1%) | 19.9 (19.78, 20.08) | 355 (30.6%) |
| Mother’s education | ||||
| Primary | –1.6 (–1.67, –1.49) | 581 (39.1%) | 20.0 (19.84, 20.11) | 417 (29.1%) |
| Secondary | –1.0 (–1.27, –0.78) | 39 (26.0%) | 20.7 (20.35, 21.14) | 20 (14.4%) |
| Non formal education | –1.8 (–1.88, –1.70) | 780 (47.1%) | 20.0 (19.91, 20.14) | 415 (26.2%) |
| Occupational status of mother | ||||
| Housewife & farmer | –1.7 (–1.77, –1.63) | 1233 (43.5%) | 20.0 (19.88, 20.07) | 764 (27.8%) |
| Merchant/employed | –1.4 (–1.56, –1.25) | 136 (35.1%) | 20.4 (20.18, 20.70) | 76 (22.1%) |
| Other | –1.9 (–2.32, –1.48) | 38 (47.0) | 20.4 (19.92, 20.82) | 12 (15.4%) |
| Father’s educational status | ||||
| Primary | –1.7 (–1.75, –1.59) | 692 (41.5%) | 20.0 (19.83, 20.07) | 456 (28.4%) |
| Secondary and above | –1.3 (–1.45, –1.12) | 120 (30.2%) | 20.3 (20.00, 20.53) | 80 (22.3%) |
| No formal education | –1.8 (–1.87, –1.65) | 581 (47.4%) | 20.1 (19.93, 20.22) | 313 (26.2%) |
| Father’s occupational status | ||||
| Farmer | –1.8 (–1.85, –1.69) | 923 (44.8%) | 20.0 (19.92, 20.15) | 538 (27.6%) |
| Merchant | –1.4 (–1.51, –1.30) | 318 (35.6%) | 19.8 (19.68, 20.02) | 257 (29.4%) |
| Others | –1.8 (–1.96, –1.58) | 159 (46.4%) | 20.5 (20.26, 20.75) | 54 (16.3%) |
| Residency | ||||
| Sadamo Dikicha | –1.6 (–1.81, –1.45) | 142 (40.1%) | 18.6 (18.35, 18.93) | 199 (52.0%) |
| Alawo Siso | –1.0 (–1.16, –0.84) | 93 (25.9%) | 20.1 (19.89, 20.39) | 78 (25.9%) |
| Fulasa Aldaada | –2.3 (–2.62, –2.06) | 177 (61.5%) | 22.0 (21.73, 22.24) | 27 (7.6%) |
| Aldaada Deela | –1.6 (–1.81, –1.46) | 137 (37.9%) | 20.0 (19.76, 20.25) | 89 (25.7%) |
| Kitawo Dambie | –2.2 (–2.38 –2.06) | 198 (54.3%) | 18.8 (18.56, 19.01) | 170 (50.0%) |
| Gonowa Bulano | –2.2 (–2.37, –2.06) | 233 (59.3%) | 20.1 (19.85, 20.33) | 66 (22.3%) |
| Sadamo Challa | –1.4 (–1.57, –1.32) | 122 (30.1%) | 19.9 (19.69, 20.08) | 80 (20.8%) |
| Qonsore haranja | –0.9 (–1.11, –0.78) | 108 (26.1%) | 21.3 (21.05, 21.49) | 35 (9.0%) |
| Hanja Gooro | –1.8 (–1.97, –1.55) | 198 (52.9%) | 19.5 (19.31, 19.68) | 114 (29.6%) |
Table 2
Purely spatial scan statistics of the significant clusters for stunting among children under the age of five years, Boricha, Southern Ethiopia, 2017.
| MOST LIKELY CLUSTERS | ||
|---|---|---|
| UNADJUSTED SATSCAN ANALYSIS | ADJUSTED SATSCAN ANALYSIS | |
| Number of locations | 166 | – |
| Coordinates | 6.989467 N, 38.286050 E | 7.001650 N, 38.279983 E |
| Radius (km) | 4.71 km | 0 km |
| Population (No. of children) | 614 | 4 |
| Number of cases | 361 | 3 |
| Expected cases | 258.67 | 2.00 |
| Annual cases per 100,000 | 70 177.6 | 75 426.1 |
| Observed/expected cases | 1.40 | 1.50 |
| Relative risk | 1.55 | 1.50 |
| Log likelihood ratio | 23.36 | 0.216786 |
| P-value | P < 0.001 | P = 1.00 |
| SECONDARY CLUSTERS | ||
| UNADJUSTED | ADJUSTED | |
| Number of locations | 99 | – |
| Coordinates | 6.938250 N, 38.358983 E | – |
| Radius (km) | 2.96 km | – |
| Population (No. of children) | 318 | – |
| Number of cases | 201 | – |
| Expected cases | 133.97 | – |
| Annual cases per 100,000 | 75 444.7 | – |
| Observed/expected cases | 1.51 | – |
| Relative risk | 1.60 | – |
| Log likelihood ratio | 16.531033 | – |
| P-value | P < 0.001 | – |
Table 3
Purely spatial scan statistics of the significant clusters for maternal BMI in the Boricha, Southern Ethiopia, 2017.
| MOST LIKELY CLUSTERS | ||
|---|---|---|
| UNADJUSTED SATSCAN ANALYSIS | ADJUSTED SATSCAN ANALYSIS | |
| Number of locations | 84 | – |
| Coordinates | 6.930917 N, 38.936267 E | 6.923550 N, 38.288100 E |
| Radius (km) | 62.16 km | 0 km |
| Population (No. of children) | 329 | 4 |
| Number of cases | 182 | 3 |
| Expected cases | 87.21 | 1.80 |
| Annual cases per 100,000 | 66,029.1 | 52,731.9 |
| Observed/expected cases | 2.09 | 1.67 |
| Relative risk | 2.41 | 1.67 |
| Log likelihood ratio | 45.837737 | 0.333394 |
| P-value | P < 0.001 | P = 1.00 |
| SECONDARY CLUSTER | ||
| UNADJUSTED | ADJUSTED | |
| Number of locations | 56 | – |
| Coordinates | 6.913650 N, 38.295950 E | – |
| Radius (km) | 1.57 km | – |
| Population (No. of children) | 215 | – |
| Number of cases | 121 | – |
| Expected cases | 56.99 | – |
| Annual cases per 100,000 | 67 174.9 | – |
| Observed/expected cases | 2.12 | – |
| Relative risk | 2.33 | – |
| Log likelihood ratio | 29.984131 | – |
| P-value | P < 0.001 | – |
Table 4
Risk factor for clustering of stunting among children under the age of five years in nine kebele, Boricha, Southern Ethiopia, 2017.
| VARIABLES | CASES WITHIN IDENTIFIED SPATIAL CLUSTER | UNADJUSTED OR | ADJUSTED OR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| YES (%) | NO (%) | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
| Food insecurity | Secured | 95 (48.2) | 102 (51.8%) | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| Mild food insecurity | 90 (75.0%) | 30 (25.0%) | 3.22 | 1.96–5.31 | 2.89 | 1.72–4.89 | |
| Moderate food insecurity | 101 (50.5%) | 99 (49.5%) | 1.10 | 0.74–1.62 | 0.97 | 0.63–1.49 | |
| Severe food insecurity | 274 (36.4%) | 478 (63.6%) | 0.62 | 0.45–0.84 | 0.42 | 0.30–0.60 | |
| Wealth index | Poorest | 173 (53.6%) | 150 (46.4%) | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| Poor | 88 (35.6%) | 159 (64.4%) | 0.48 | 0.34–0.67 | 0.37 | 0.25–0.54 | |
| Medium | 65 (27.9%) | 168 (72.1%) | 0.34 | 0.23–0.48 | 0.25 | 0.17–0.37 | |
| Rich | 138 (52.7%) | 124 (47.3%) | 0.96 | 0.69–1.34 | 0.74 | 0.51–1.06 | |
| Richest | 96 (47.1%) | 108 (52.9%) | 0.77 | 0.54–1.09 | 0.60 | 0.40–0.91 | |
| Mother’s age (in years) | 560 (44.1%) | 709 (55.9%) | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.94 | 0.92–0.96 | |
| Mother’s education | Illiterate | 356 (48.9%) | 372 (51.1%) | 1 | Ref | 1 | Re |
| Primary | 196 (38.7%) | 311 (61.3%) | 0.66 | 0.52–0.83 | 0.39 | 0.29–0.53 | |
| Secondary and above | 8 (23.5%) | 26 (76.5%) | 0.32 | 0.14–0.72 | 0.18 | 0.07–0.48 | |
| Mother’s occupation | Farmers and housewife | 501 (45.3%) | 605 (54.7%) | 1 | Ref | 1 | Ref |
| Employed/merchant | 49 (38.0%) | 80 (62.0%) | 0.74 | 0.51–1.08 | 0.59 | 0.39–0.90 | |
| Others | 10 (29.4%) | 24 (70.6%) | 0.50 | 0.24–1.06 | 0.50 | 0.18–1.42 | |
| Altitude | 560 (44.1%) | 709 (55.9%) | 1.00 | 0.99–1.003 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.003 | |