Table 1
Characteristics of subjects.
| NO. OF SUBJECTS (%) | NO. OF SUBJECTS (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| Mean (SD) | 58.1 (10.23) | 54.8 (10.23) | 0.00 |
| Age categories | |||
| <45 years | 35 (10.3) | 82 (22.2) | 0.00 |
| 45–55 years | 97 (28.5) | 106 (28.6) | |
| 56–65 years | 126 (37.1) | 117 (31.6) | |
| 66–75 years | 68 (20) | 52 (14.1) | |
| >75 years | 14 (4.1) | 13 (3.5) | |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 128 (37.8) | 164 (44.3) | 0.08 |
| Male | 212 (62.2) | 206 (55.7) | |
| Duration of work | |||
| <10 years | 49 (14.4) | 87 (23.5) | 0.003 |
| 10–30 years | 156 (45.9) | 168 (45.4) | |
| >30 years | 135 (39.7) | 115 (31.1) | |
| Education | |||
| Illiterate | 10 (2.9) | 10 (2.7) | 0.09 |
| Elementary | 77 (22.6) | 67 (18.1) | |
| Junior High School | 32 (9.4) | 40 (10.8) | |
| Senior High School | 132 (38.8) | 177 (47.8) | |
| Bachelor | 78 (22.9) | 71 (19.2) | |
| Postgraduate | 11 (3.2) | 5 (1.4) | |
| Smoking | |||
| 0 to 10 pack-years | 174 (51.2) | 240 (64.9) | 0.001 |
| >10 to 40 pack-years | 107 (31.5) | 85 (23.0) | |
| >40 pack-years | 59 (17.4) | 45 (12.2) | |
| Histological cell type | |||
| Adenocarcinoma | 190 (55.9) | ||
| Large cell | 16 (4.7) | ||
| Squamous cell | 73 (21.5) | ||
| Unidentified | 3 (0.9) | ||
| Small cell | 13 (3.8) | ||
| Others | 45 (13.2) | ||
| Diagnoses of controls | |||
| No abnormality | 30 (8.1) | ||
| Tuberculosis and other lung infections | 202 (54.6) | ||
| Chronic lung diseases | 66 (17.8) | ||
| Mediastinal mass and other malignancies | 40 (10.8) | ||
| Other diseases | 32 (8.6) |
[i] * The t test was used for continues variables and χ2 test for categorical variables.
Table 2
Distribution of gender in each section of Indonesian Standard of Industrial Classification 2015.
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Housewife | 83 (28.4) | 0 (0) | 83 (11.7) |
| Unemployed | 3 (1.0) | 2 (0.5) | 5 (0.7) |
| A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 6 (2.1) | 23 (5.5) | 29 (4.1) |
| B: Mining and quarrying | 1 (1.3) | 8 (1.9) | 9 (1.3) |
| C: Manufacturing | 47 (16.1) | 47 (11.3) | 94 (13.2) |
| D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 0 (0) | 5 (1.2) | 5 (0.7) |
| E: Water supply; sewage, waste management, material recovery | 0 (0) | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) |
| F: Construction | 5 (1.7) | 50 (12.0) | 55 (7.7) |
| G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycle | 48 (16.4) | 91 (21.8) | 139 (19.6) |
| H: Transportation and storage | 2 (0.7) | 64 (15.3) | 67 (9.4) |
| I: Accommodation and food service activity | 6 (2.1) | 11 (2.6) | 17 (2.4) |
| J: Information and communication | 5 (1.7) | 6 (1.4) | 11 (1.5) |
| K: Financial and insurance activities | 12 (4.1) | 8 (1.9) | 20 (2.8) |
| L: Real estate activities | 3 (1.0) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.4) |
| M: Professional, scientific and technical activities | 2 (0.7) | 4 (1.0)) | 6 (0.8) |
| O: Public administration and defense; compulsory social security | 10 (3.4) | 35 (8.4) | 45 (6.3) |
| P: Education | 17 (5.8) | 18 (4.3) | 35 (4.9) |
| Q: Human health and social work activities | 15 (5.1) | 8 (1.9) | 23 (3.2) |
| R: Arts, sports and recreation related services | 2 (0.7) | 7 (1.7) | 9 (1.3) |
| S: Membership organization, repair and other personal services | 13 (4.5) | 27 (6.5) | 40 (5.6) |
| T: Activities of household as employers; undifferentiated goods-and services-producing activities of households for own use | 12 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 12 (1.6) |
Table 3
Adjusted odds ratio of the association between occupational backgrounds in sections of the Indonesian Standard of Industrial Classification 2015 and lung cancer.
| N (%) | N (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housewife | 31 (9.1) | 52 (14.1) | Reference | Not included |
| Unemployed | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.1) | 0.6 (0.05–5.81) | Not included |
| A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing | 21 (6.2) | 8 (2.2) | 3.8 (1.42–10.6) * | 3.6 (1.20–10.43) * |
| B: Mining and quarrying | 5 (1.5) | 4 (1.1) | 3.7 (0.82–16.90) | 2.6 (0.56–11.95) |
| C: Manufacturing | 42 (12.4) | 52 (14.1) | 2.8 (0.64–12.86) | 1.7 (0.76–3.70) |
| D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.8) | 1.9 (0.96–3.66) | 1.1 (0.16–7.93) |
| E: Water supply; sewage, waste management, material recovery | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.33–54.53) | 3.8 (0.29–48.75) |
| F: Construction | 35 (10.3) | 20 (5.4) | 2.9 (1.27–6.54) * | 2.6 (1.06–6.20) * |
| G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycle | 61 (17.9) | 79 (21.4) | 1.4 (0.75–2.67) | 1.3 (0.60–2.67) |
| H: Transportation and storage | 32 (9.4) | 33 (8.9) | 1.7 (0.75–3.78) | 1.5 (0.65–3.44) |
| I: Accommodation and food service activity | 7 (2.1) | 10 (2.7) | 1.2 (0.39–3.82) | 1.1 (0.33–3.59) |
| J: Information and communication | 4 (1.2) | 7 (1.9) | 1.3 (0.33–5.16) | 1.2 (0.28–4.93) |
| K: Financial and insurance activities | 12 (3.5) | 8 (2.2) | 2.8 (0.98–8.28) | 2.6 (0.82–8.10) |
| L: Real estate activities | 0 (0) | 3 (0.8) | 0 | 0 |
| M: Professional, scientific and technical activities | 2 (0.6) | 4 (1.1) | 0.5 (0.09–4.02) | 0.5 (0.08–3.83) |
| O: Public administration and defense; compulsory social security | 25 (7.4) | 21 (5.7) | 1.7 (0.71–3.95) | 1.5 (0.61–3.86) |
| P: Education | 17 (5.0) | 18 (4.9) | 1.3 (0.53–3.43) | 1.2 (0.44–3.40) |
| Q: Human health and social work activities | 15 (4.4) | 8 (2.2) | 2.8 (0.89–8.5) | 2.8 (0.89–8.51) |
| R: Arts, sports and recreation related services | 5 (1.5) | 4 (1.1) | 2.5 (0.58–11.13) | 2.3 (0.51–10.35) |
| S: Membership organization, repair computer and household, and other personal services | 15 (4.4) | 25 (6.8) | 1.1 (0.48–2.62) | Reference |
| T: Activities of household as employers; undifferentiated goods-and services-producing activities of households for own use | 6 (1.8) | 6 (1.6) | 1.8 (0.53–6.51) | 1.7 (0.41–6.55) |
[i] The OR was calculated using logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, education, and smoking.
# Reference group: “Housewife”.
## Reference group: Section S (Membership organization, repair computer and household, and other personal services)
*Statistically significant, i.e. p ≤ 0.05
Table 4
Adjusted odds ratios of the association between occupational backgrounds classified in sections, divisions, or groups based on the Indonesian Standard of Industrial Classification 2015 and lung cancer.
| N (%) | N (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Housewife | 31 (9.1) | 52 (14.1) | Reference | Not included |
| Unemployed | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.1) | 0.6 (0.05–5.86) | Not included |
| A: Agriculture, forestry and fishing | ||||
| A 01: Crop, animal production and hunting | 19 (5.6) | 7 (1.9) | 3.9 (1.36–11.25)* | 3.7 (1.20–11.31)* |
| A 02 & 03: Forestry and fishing | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 2.8 (0.22–35.52) | 2.5 (0.20–32.35) |
| B: Mining and quarrying | ||||
| B 610: Oil and gas mining | 4 (1.2) | (0.0) | ~ | ~ |
| B 510: Coal and lignite mining | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.1) | 0.5 (0.05–4.80) | 0.4 (0.04–4.53) |
| C: Manufacturing | ||||
| C 10: Food industry | 5 (1.4) | 5 (1.4) | 2.5 (0.63–9.80) | 2.3 (0.54–9.65) |
| C 14: Manufacture of wearing apparel | 12 (3.5) | 17 (4.6) | 1.6 (0.67–4.06) | 1.5 (0.54–4.10) |
| C 15: Industry of leather, synthetic, footwear | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.2) | 0.7 (0.07–6.98) | 0.7 (0.07–6.58) |
| C 17: Industry of pulp, paper, paper board | 4 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | ~ | ~ |
| C 20: Chemical and chemical product | 7 (2.1) | 3 (0.8) | 4.8 (1.09–21.60) * | 4.5 (0.96 (20.73) |
| C 21: Pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical products | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | ~ | ~ |
| C 23: Non-metal mining goods | 3 (0.9 | 4 (1.2) | 1.7 (0.32–8.50) | 1.6 (0.29–8.39) |
| C 24: Industry of iron and steel | 4 (1.2) | 5 (1.4) | 1.8 (0.41–8.30) | 1.7 (0.37–7.81) |
| C 26: Computer, electronic and optic industry, semiconductor, and other electronic components | 1 (0.3) | 4 (1.2) | 0.5 (0.05–4.52) | 0.4 (0.04–4.36) |
| C 2910: Four Wheels vehicle industry | 4 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 |
| C 31: Furniture industry | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.8) | 0.6 (0.06–6.80) | 0.6 (0.05–0.38) |
| C 32: Other industries | 1 (0.3) | 3 (0.8) | 0.9 (0.09–9.73) | 0.8 (0.07-–9.02) |
| D: Electricity, gas, steam and AC supply | 2 (0.6) | 3 (0.8) | 1.2 (0.18–8.68) | 1.1 (0.16–7.82) |
| E: Water supply; sewage, waste management, material recovery | 2 (0.6) | 1 (0.3) | 4.2 (0.34–53.69) | 3.8 (0.29–49.51) |
| F: Construction | 35 (10.3) | 20 (5.4) | 2.8 (1.20–6.37) * | 2.6 (1.07–6.14) * |
| G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycle | ||||
| G 45: Repair of motor vehicles | 9 (2.6) | 9 (2.4) | 1.8 (0.57–5.52) | 1.6 (0.51–5.23) |
| G 47: Retail trade | 52 (15.3) | 70 (18.9) | 1.3 (0.69–2.54) | 1.2 (0.57–2.59) |
| H: Transportation and storage | ||||
| H 49: Railroad transportation | 25 (7.4) | 23 (6.2) | 1.8 (0.75–4.23) | 1.6 (0.66–3.94) |
| H 501: Sea and air transport and warehouse, transportation support | 7 (2.1) | 10 (2.7) | 1.3 (0.39–4.20) | 1.1 (0.34–3.83) |
| I: Accommodation and food service activity | 7 (2.1) | 10 (2.7) | 1.2 (0.37–4.01) | 1.1 (0.33–3.56) |
| J: Information and communication | 4 (1.2) | 7 (1.9) | 1.3 (0.32–5.07) | 1.2 (0.28–4.95) |
| K: Financial and insurance activities | 12 (3.5) | 8 (2.2) | 2.8 (0.95–8.13) | 2.5 (0.81–8.11) |
| L: Real estate activities | 0 (0) | 3 (0.8) | 0 | 0 |
| M: Professional, scientific and technical activities | 2 (0.6) | 4 (1.2) | 0.6 (0.08–3.86) | 0.5 (0.07–3.75) |
| O: Public administration and defense; compulsory social security | 25 (7.4) | 21 (5.7) | 1.6 (0.66–3.78) | 1.5 (0.59–3.78) |
| P: Education | 17 (5.0) | 18 (4.9) | 1.3 (0.50–3.36) | 1.2 (0.43–3.39) |
| Q: Human health and social work activities | ||||
| Q 861: Hospital and medical activities | 11 (3.2) | 6 (1.6) | 2.7 (0.83–8.68) | 2.5 (0.72–8.67) |
| Q 869: Nonhospital health-related activities | 4 (1.2) | 2 (0.6) | 3.9 (0.64–23.5) | 3.5 (0.54–22.85) |
| R: Arts, sports and recreation related services | 5 (1.5) | 4 (1.2) | 2.5 (0.56–10.9) | 2.3 (0.50–10.38) |
| S: Membership organization, repair and other personal services | 15 (4.4) | 25 (6.8) | 1.1 (0.46–2.59) | Reference |
| T: Activities of household as employers; undifferentiated goods-and services-producing activities of households for own use | 6 (1.8) | 6 (1.6) | 1.9 (0.54–6.70) | 1.7 (0.44–6.92) |
[i] The OR was calculated using logistic regression *adjusted for age, gender, education, and smoking habits.
~ is infinite.
# Reference group: “Housewife”.
## Reference group: Section S (Membership organization, repair computer and household, and other personal services).
* Statistically significant, i.e. p ≤ 0.05.
Table 5
Odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio of the association between lung cancer and occupational backgrounds in Division A01, Division C20, and Section F of the Indonesian Standard of Industrial Classification 2015.
| N (%) | N (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | 236 (76.6) | 278 (88.5) | 1 |
| A 01: Crop, animal production and hunting | 19 (6.2) | 7 (2.2) | 2.7 (1.05–6.76)* |
| F: Construction | 35 (11.4) | 20 (6.4) | 1.9 (1.03–3.40)* |
| C 20: Chemical and chemical products | 7 (2.3) | 3 (1.0) | 3.2 (0.79–12.79) |
[i] The OR was calculated using logistic regression adjusted for age, gender, education, and smoking.
* Statistically significant, i.e. p ≤ 0.05.