Table 1
Socio demographic characteristics of male health workers in Kisumu County (n = 197).
| SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS: | RESPONDENTS, N | PROPORTION (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (in years) | ||
| 40–50 | 130 | 66 |
| 51–60 | 59 | 30 |
| Above 60 | 8 | 4 |
| Level of Education | ||
| Certificate | 41 | 21 |
| Diploma | 110 | 56 |
| Graduate | 34 | 17 |
| Postgraduate | 12 | 6 |
| Residence: | ||
| Urban | 111 | 56 |
| Rural | 86 | 44 |
| Marital Status: | ||
| Unmarried | 3 | 1.5 |
| Married | 191 | 97 |
| Separated | 3 | 1.5 |
| Religion: | ||
| Muslim | 4 | 2 |
| Christian | 193 | 98 |
Table 2
Socio-demographic factors associated with uptake of prostate cancer screening by study respondents (n = 197)
| VARIABLES | TOTAL | NOT SCREENED | SCREENED | UNIVARIABLE OR (95% CI) | P-VALUE | MULTIVARIABLE AOR (95% CI) | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age Category | |||||||
| 40 to 50 | 130 | 96 (73.85) | 34 (26.15) | Ref | |||
| 51 to 60 | 59 | 42 (71.19) | 17 (28.81) | 1.14 (0.58–2.27) | 0.703 | ||
| Above 60 | 8 | 5 (62.5) | 3 (37.5) | 1.69 (0.38–7.47) | 0.486 | ||
| Education Level | |||||||
| Certificate | 41 | 35 (85.37) | 6 (14.63) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Diploma | 110 | 75 (68.18) | 35 (31.82) | 3.97 (1.31–12.05) | 0.015 | 5.01 (1.2–20.86) | 0.027 |
| Graduate | 34 | 25 (73.53) | 9 (26.47) | 3.06 (0.85–11.07) | 0.088 | 1.83 (0.4–8.37) | 0.433 |
| Postgraduate | 12 | 8 (66.67) | 4 (33.33) | 4.25 (0.87–20.75) | 0.074 | 2.23 (0.35–14.02) | 0.393 |
| Residence | |||||||
| Urban | 111 | 74 (66.67) | 37 (33.33) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Rural | 86 | 69 (80.23) | 17 (19.77) | 0.49 (0.25–0.95) | 0.036 | 0.71 (0.32–1.57) | 0.019 |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Unmarried | 3 | 2 (66.67) | 1 (33.33) | Ref | |||
| Married | 191 | 139 (72.77) | 52 (27.23) | 0.75 (0.07–8.43) | 0.814 | ||
| Separated | 3 | 2 (66.67) | 1 (33.33) | 1 (0.03–29.81) | 1.000 | ||
| Religion | |||||||
| Muslim | 4 | 2 (50) | 2 (50) | Ref | |||
| Christian | 193 | 141 (73.06) | 52 (26.94) | 0.37 (0.05–2.69) | 0.325 | ||
| Family history for prostate Cancer | |||||||
| Yes | 27 | 15 (65.22) | 8 (34.78) | Ref | |||
| No | 123 | 88 (71.54) | 35 (28.46) | 0.75 (0.29–1.92) | 0.542 | ||
| Don’t know | 51 | 40 (78.43) | 11 (21.57) | 0.52 (0.17–1.53) | 0.232 | ||
| Perception of health status | |||||||
| Fair | 53 | 45 (84.91) | 8 (15.09) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Good | 132 | 90 (68.18) | 42 (31.82) | 2.62 (1.14–6.06) | 0.024 | 4 (1.52–10.53) | 0.005 |
| Excellent | 12 | 8 (66.67) | 4 (33.33) | 2.81 (0.68–11.59) | 0.152 | 3.93 (0.81–19.17) | 0.091 |
| Health Insurance Ownership | |||||||
| Yes | 186 | 135 (72.58) | 51 (27.42) | Ref | |||
| No | 11 | 8 (72.73) | 3 (27.27) | 0.99 (0.25–3.89) | 0.992 | ||
| Respondent’s knowledge that health insurance covers cost of screening | |||||||
| Yes | 104 | 65 (62.5) | 39 (37.5) | Ref | Ref | ||
| No | 13 13 | 9 (69.23) | 4 (30.77) | 0.74 (0.21–2.57) | 0.636 | 0.88 (0.23–3.39) | 0.856 |
| Don’t know | 69 | 61 (88.41) | 8 (11.59) | 0.22 (0.09–0.5) | <0.0001 | 0.2 (0.08–0.5) | 0.001 |
Table 3
Level of agreement and disagreement to perceived self-vulnerability of respondents (n = 197) to prostate cancer.
| PERCEIVED SELF-VULNERABILITY | STRONGLY DISAGREE | DISAGREE | DON’T KNOW | AGREE | STRONGLY AGREE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| There is a good chance I will get prostate cancer during the next 5 years | 38 (19%) | 50 (25%) | 80 (41%) | 22 (11%) | 7 (4%) |
| I think I can get prostate cancer if I don’t take any preventive measure such as regular screening | 26 (13%) | 23 (12%) | 20 (10%) | 98 (50%) | 30 (15%) |
| I worry about the possibility of getting prostate cancer disease | 19 (10%) | 69 (35%) | 22 (11%) | 63 (32%) | 24 (12%) |
| I have a history of susceptibility to prostate cancer | 48 (24%) | 83 (42%) | 50 (25%) | 11 (6%) | 5 (3%) |
| I am afraid I might be diagnosed with prostate cancer disease | 40 (20%) | 69 (35%) | 44 (22%) | 35 (18%) | 9 (5%) |
Table 4
Association between perceived self-vulnerability to prostate cancer and uptake of screening uptake among respondents (n = 197)
| VARIABLE | N (%) | NOT SCREENED N (%) | SCREENED N (%) | CHI- P-VALUE | COR (95% CI) | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perception | ||||||
| Low Perception | 109 (55.33) | 83 (76.15) | 26 (23.85) | 0.213 | Ref | 0.214 |
| High Perception | 88 (44.67) | 60 (68.18) | 28 (31.82) | 1.49 (0.79–2.79) |
Table 5
Predictor variables of perceived self-vulnerability of respondents to prostate cancer (n = 197).
| PREDICTOR VARIABLES | N | LOW PERCEPTION N (%) | HIGH PERCEPTION N (%) | UNIVARIABLE COR (95% CI) | P-VALUE | MULTIVARIABLE AOR (95% CI) | P-VALUE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age Category | |||||||
| 40 to 50 | 130 | 77 (59.23) | 53 (40.77) | Ref | Ref | ||
| 51 to 60 | 59 | 31 (52.54) | 28 (47.46) | 1.31 (0.71–2.44) | 0.390 | 1.19 (0.59–2.42) | 0.623 |
| Above 60 | 8 | 1 (12.5) | 7 (87.5) | 10.17 (1.22–85.09) | 0.032 | 3.5 (0.3–40.98) | 0.002 |
| Education Level | |||||||
| Certificate | 41 | 14 (34.14) | 27 (64.85) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Diploma | 110 | 69 (62.73) | 41 (37.27) | 0.35 (0.16–0.74) | 0.007 | 0.75 (0.3–1.85) | 0.535 |
| Graduate | 34 | 20 (58.82) | 14 (41.18) | 0.41 (0.16–1.05) | 0.064 | 0.94 (0.32–2.79) | 0.918 |
| Postgraduate | 12 | 6 (50.0) | 6 (50.0) | 0.58 (0.16–2.16) | 0.420 | 1.73 (0.4–7.54) | 0.466 |
| Residence | |||||||
| Urban | 111 | 72 (64.86) | 39 (35.14) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Rural | 86 | 37 (43.02) | 49 (56.98) | 2.44 (1.37–4.36) | 0.002 | 2.35 (1.17–4.72) | 0.016 |
| Marital Status | |||||||
| Unmarried | 3 | 2 (66.67) | 1 (33.33) | Ref | |||
| Married | 191 | 107 (56.02) | 84 (43.98) | 1.57 (0.14–17.61) | 0.715 | ||
| Separated | 3 | 0 (0) | 3 (100) | 1 | |||
| Religion | |||||||
| Muslim | 4 | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | Ref | |||
| Christian | 193 | 106 (54.92) | 87 (45.08) | 2.46 (0.25–24.09) | 0.439 | ||
| Family history of prostate cancer | |||||||
| Yes | 23 | 13 (56.52) | 10 (43.48) | 2.03 (0.73–5.69) | 0.176 | 2.15 (0.7–6.62) | 0.183 |
| No | 123 | 59 (47.97) | 64 (52.03) | 2.87 (1.41–5.83) | 0.004 | 1.87 (0.82–4.28) | 0.139 |
| Don’t know | 51 | 37 (72.55) | 14 (27.45) | Ref | Ref | ||
| Perception of health status | |||||||
| Fair | 53 | 25 (47.17) | 28 (52.83) | Ref | |||
| Good | 132 | 76 (57.58) | 56 (42.42) | 0.66 (0.35–1.25) | 0.200 | ||
| Excellent | 12 | 8 (66.67) | 4 (33.33) | 0.45 (0.12–1.66) | 0.230 | ||
| Health Insurance Ownership | |||||||
| Yes | 186 | 107 (57.53) | 79 (42.47) | Ref | |||
| No | 11 | 2 (18.18) | 9 (81.82) | 0.16 (0.03–0.78) | 0.023 | ||
| Respondents’ Knowledge that health insurance covers cost of screening | |||||||
| Yes | 104 | 68 (65.38) | 36 (34.62) | Ref | Ref | ||
| No | 13 | 8 (61.54) | 5 (38.46) | 1.18 (0.36–3.87) | 0.784 | 0.78 (0.22–2.83) | 0.706 |
| Don’t Know | 69 | 31 (44.93) | 38 (55.07) | 2.32 (1.24–4.32) | 0.008 | 1.55 (0.77–3.1) | 0.219 |