Figure 1
Schematic presentation of sampling procedure to study determinants of male partner involvement during antenatal care among pregnant women in Gedeo zone, South Ethiopia, 2019.
Table 1
Socio-demographic characteristics of mothers and their male partner in Gedeo zone, South Ethiopia, 2019.
| VARIABLES | CASE N (%) | CONTROL N (%) | TOTAL N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal Age | |||
| <22 | 69(17.2) | 53(13.2) | 122(15.2) |
| 22–26 | 117(29.1) | 119(29.6) | 236(29.4) |
| 27–31 | 139(34.6) | 188(46.8) | 327(40.7) |
| 32–36 | 54(13.4) | 34(8.5) | 88(10.9) |
| >36 | 23(5.7) | 8(2) | 31(3.9) |
| Residence | |||
| Urban | 133(33.1) | 26(6.5) | 159(19.8) |
| Rural | 269(66.9) | 376(93.5) | 645(80.2) |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Gedeo | 278(69.2) | 290(72.1) | 568(70.6) |
| Amhara | 41(10.2) | 16(4) | 57(7.1) |
| Oromo | 44(10.9) | 90(22.4) | 134(16.7) |
| Other# | 39(9.7) | 6(1.5) | 45(5.6) |
| Religion | |||
| Orthodox | 105(26.1) | 33(8.2) | 138(17.2) |
| Protestant | 257(63.9) | 352(87.6) | 609(75.7) |
| Other$ | 40(10) | 17(4.2) | 57(7.1) |
| Maternal Education | |||
| Can’t read & write | 68(16.9) | 78(19.4) | 146(18.2) |
| Read & write | 109(27.1) | 99(24.6) | 208(25.9) |
| Primary | 42(10.4) | 45(11.2) | 87(10.8) |
| Secondary | 41(10.2) | 123(30.6) | 164(20.4) |
| College & above | 142(35.3) | 57(14.2) | 199(24.8) |
| Husband Education | |||
| Can’t read & write | 46(11.4) | 44(10.9) | 90(11.2) |
| Read & write | 57(14.2) | 29(7.2) | 86(10.7) |
| Primary | 47(11.7) | 51(12.7) | 98(12.2) |
| Secondary | 64(15.9) | 195(48.5) | 259(32.2) |
| College & above | 188(46.8) | 83(20.6) | 271(33.7) |
| Maternal Occupation | |||
| Government Employee | 141(35.1) | 53(13.2) | 194(24.1) |
| Merchant | 120(29.9) | 116(28.9) | 236(29.4) |
| House wife | 115(28.6) | 210(52.2) | 325(40.4) |
| Other+ | 26(6.5) | 23(5.7) | 49(6.1) |
| Husband Occupation | |||
| Government Employee | 201(50) | 72(17.9) | 273(34) |
| Merchant | 88(21.9) | 197(49) | 285(35.4) |
| Farmer | 82(20.4) | 56(13.9) | 138(17.2) |
| Daily labor | 31(7.7) | 77(19.2) | 108(13.4) |
| Wife order | |||
| First | 309(76.9) | 336(83.6) | 645(80.2) |
| Above first | 93(23.1) | 66(16.4) | 159(19.8) |
| Wealth index | |||
| Poorest | 124(30.8) | 37(9.2) | 161(20) |
| Poor | 115(28.6) | 52(12.9) | 167(20.8) |
| Medium | 93(23.1) | 61(15.2) | 154(19.2) |
| Rich | 56(13.9) | 92(22.9) | 148(18.4) |
| Richest | 14(3.5) | 160(39.8) | 147(21.6) |
[i] #: Includes Gurage, Sidama, Wolayta & Tigre; $: Includes Muslim & no religion; +: Includes farmers, home maid & daily laborer.
Table 2
Women empowerment of mothers in Gedeo zone, South Ethiopia, 2019.
| VARIABLES | CASE N (%) | CONTROL N (%) | TOTAL N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Women economic empowerment | Mean score– 2.8 ± 1.1 | ||
| Under empowered | 60(14.9) | 209(52) | 269(33.5) |
| Empowered | 342(85.1) | 193(48) | 535(66.5) |
| Women social empowerment | Mean score– 1.8 ± 0.9 | ||
| Under empowered | 116(28.9) | 143(35.6) | 259(32.2) |
| Empowered | 286(71.1) | 259(64.4) | 545(67.8) |
| Women legal empowerment | Mean score– 1.1 ± 0.9 | ||
| Under empowered | 145(36.1) | 324(80.6) | 469(58.3) |
| Empowered | 257(63.9) | 78(19.4) | 335(41.7) |
| Overall women empowerment | Mean score– 5.7 ± 2 | ||
| Under empowered | 77(19.2) | 267(66.4) | 344(42.8) |
| Empowered | 325(80.8) | 135(33.6) | 460(57.2) |
Table 3
Reproductive health and health facility characteristics of mothers in Gedeo zone, South Ethiopia, 2019.
| VARIABLES | CASE N (%) | CONTROL N (%) | TOTAL N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| ANC follow up for previous pregnancies | 360 | 308 | 668 |
| Yes | 311(86.4) | 287(93.2) | 598(89.5) |
| No | 49(13.6) | 21(6.8) | 70(10.5) |
| Male partner accompany to ANC clinic for previous pregnancies | 358 | 308 | 666 |
| Yes | 125(34.9) | 101(32.8) | 226(33.9) |
| No | 233(65.1) | 207(67.2) | 440(66.1) |
| Birth place for previous pregnancies | 360 | 308 | 668 |
| Home | 197(54.7) | 214(69.5) | 411(61.5) |
| Health center | 117(32.5) | 51(16.6) | 168(25.1) |
| Hospital | 28(7.8) | 8(2.6) | 36(5.4) |
| Other | 18(5) | 35(11.4) | 53(7.9) |
| Current pregnancy intension | |||
| Planned | 286(71.1) | 337(83.8) | 623(77.5) |
| Unplanned | 116(28.9) | 65(16.2) | 181(22.5) |
| Male partner invitation into ANC clinic exam room | |||
| Yes | 115(28.6) | 51(12.7) | 166(20.6) |
| No | 287(71.4) | 351(87.3) | 638(79.4) |
| Nearby health facility | |||
| Hospital | 76(18.9) | 30(7.5) | 106(13.2) |
| Health center | 248(61.7) | 173(43) | 421(52.4) |
| Health post | 54(13.4) | 191(47.5) | 245(30.5) |
| Private clinic | 24(6) | 8(2) | 32(4) |
| Availability of waiting area in the ANC clinic | |||
| Yes | 373(92.8) | 388(96.5) | 761(94.7) |
| No | 29(7.2) | 14(3.5) | 43(5.3) |
Table 4
Determinants of male partner involvement during antenatal care among pregnant women in Gedeo zone, South Ethiopia, 2019.
| VARIABLES | CASE N (%) | CONTROL N (%) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age difference | 1.2(1.15, 1.26)** | 1.12(1.06, 1.18)** | ||
| Maternal Occupation | ||||
| Government Employee | 141(35.1) | 53(13.2) | 1 | 1 |
| Merchant | 120(29.9) | 116(28.9) | 0.39(0.26, 0.58)** | 0.92(0.55, 1.53) |
| House wife | 115(28.6) | 210(52.2) | 0.21(0.14, 0.30)** | 0.80(0.49, 1.33) |
| Other+ | 26(6.5) | 23(5.7) | 0.43(0.22, 0.81)* | 1.09(0.46, 2.57) |
| Overall women empowerment | ||||
| Under empowered | 77(19.2) | 267(66.4) | 0.12(0.09, 0.17)** | 0.20(0.13, 0.30)** |
| Empowered | 325(80.8) | 135(33.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Wife order | ||||
| First | 309(76.9) | 336(83.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Above first | 93(23.1) | 66(16.4) | 1.53(1.08, 2.18)* | 1.04(0.66, 1.63) |
| Maternal age at marriage | 0.82(0.77, 0.87)** | 0.86(0.81, 0.93)** | ||
| Gravida | 1.21(1.11, 1.33)** | 1.07(0.96, 1.19) | ||
| Current pregnancy intension | ||||
| Planned | 286(71.1) | 337(83.8) | 1 | 1 |
| Unplanned | 116(28.9) | 65(16.2) | 2.10(1.49, 2.96)** | 1.48(0.94, 2.32) |
| ANC commencement stage | 1.12(1.03, 1.21)* | 1.09(0.97, 1.22) | ||
| Nearby health facility | ||||
| Hospital | 76(18.9) | 30(7.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Health center | 248(61.7) | 173(43) | 0.57(0.36, 0.90)* | 1.13(0.64, 1.98) |
| Health post | 54(13.4) | 191(47.5) | 0.11(0.07, 0.19)** | 0.30(0.16, 0.58)** |
| Private clinic | 24(6) | 8(2) | 1.18(0.48, 2.93) | 4.94(1.67, 14.60)* |
| Time to reach nearby health facility | 1.02(1.01, 1.03)** | 1.00(0.99, 1.01) | ||
| Male partner invitation into ANC clinic exam room | ||||
| Yes | 115(28.6) | 51(12.7) | 1 | 1 |
| No | 287(71.4) | 351(87.3) | 0.36(0.25, 0.52)** | 0.32(0.20, 0.51)** |
[i] *:α < 0.05; **:< 0.001; +: Includes farmers, home maid & daily laborer.