Table 1
Social demographic distribution of the study participants (n = 1033).
| Category | Range | Number (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 25–34 | 333 (32.2) |
| 35–44 | 270 (26.2) | |
| 45–54 | 239 (23.1) | |
| 55–64 | 191(18.5) | |
| Religion | Hindu | 871 (84.3) |
| Christian | 129 (12.5) | |
| Others | 33 (3.2) | |
| Education | Nil | 293 (28.4) |
| 1–5 years | 219 (21.2) | |
| 6–8 years | 191 (18.5) | |
| 9–12 years | 273 (26.4) | |
| College | 57 (5.5) | |
| Occupation | Housewife/household work | 641 (62.1) |
| Unskilled | 228 (22.1) | |
| Semi-skilled | 30 (2.9) | |
| Skilled | 45 (4.4) | |
| Clerical | 2 (0.2) | |
| Small Business owner | 66 (8.4) | |
| Professional | 21 (2.0) | |
| Socio-Economic Status | Lower | 727 (70.4) |
| Middle | 303 (29.3) | |
| Upper | 3 (0.3) | |
| Marital Status | Married | 802 (77.6) |
| Widow | 174 (16.8) | |
| Separated/Divorced | 17 (1.6) | |
| Single | 40 (4.0) | |
| Age of Marriage (n = 993) | <18 | 329 (33.1) |
| ≥18 | 664 (66.9) | |
| Age of First Child (n = 937) | ≤20 | 543 (58.0) |
| >20 | 394 (42.0) | |
| Parity | No Children | 96 (9.3) |
| 1–2 | 430 (41.7) | |
| >2 | 507 (49.0) |
Table 2
Factors influencing screening.
| Category | Screening, n (%) | Chi square | p-value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||||
| Age (n =1033) | ||||||
| ≤40 | 30 (5.7) | 494 (94.3) | 2.92 | 0.08 | 0.66 (0.41–1.07) | |
| >40 | 43 (8.4) | 466 (91.6) | ||||
| Religion (n = 1033) | ||||||
| Hindu | 51 (5.9) | 820 (94.1) | 12.4 | 0.00 | 0.40 (0.23–0.67) | |
| Others | 22 (13.6) | 140 (86.4) | ||||
| Education (n = 1033) | ||||||
| Less than high school | 51 (7.3) | 652 (92.7) | 0.12 | 0.73 | 1.10 (0.65–1.83) | |
| High school and above | 22 (6.7) | 308 (93.3) | ||||
| Occupation (n = 1033) | ||||||
| Housewife | 48 (7.5) | 593 (92.5) | 0.46 | 0.5 | 1.19 (0.72–1.96) | |
| Others | 25 (6.4) | 367 (93.6) | ||||
| Socio-Economic Status (n = 1033) | ||||||
| Lower | 41 (5.6) | 686 (94.4) | 7.61 | 0.006 | 0.51 (0.32–0.83) | |
| Middle & High | 32 (10.5) | 274 (89.5) | ||||
| Marital status (n = 1033) | ||||||
| Married | 55 (6.9) | 747 (93.1) | 0.24 | 0.63 | 0.87 (0.50–1.51) | |
| Others | 18 (7.8) | 213 (92.2) | ||||
| Age of Marriage (n = 993) | ||||||
| <18 | 34 (10.3) | 295 (89.7) | 6.4 | 0.01 | 1.85 (1.14–2.99) | |
| ≥18 | 39 (5.9) | 625 (94.1) | ||||
| Age of First Child Birth (n = 937) | ||||||
| ≤20 | 46 (8.5) | 497 (91.5) | 2.83 | 0.09 | 1.57 (0.93–2.65) | |
| >20 | 22 (5.6) | 372 (94.4) | ||||
| Parity (n = 1033) | ||||||
| ≤2 | 31 (5.9) | 495 (94.1) | 2.25 | 0.13 | 0.69 (0.42–1.12) | |
| >2 | 42 (8.3) | 465 (91.7) | ||||
Table 3
Distribution of knowledge of Cervical Cancer (n = 175).
| Survey Question | Answer Choices | n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| At Least One Source (1 point) | ||
| Heard of Cervical Cancer | Media | 20 (11.4) |
| Friends/family | 40 (22.9) | |
| Medical Personal | 33 (18.9) | |
| Do not know | 89 (50.8) | |
| At Least Two Symptoms (2 points) | ||
| Symptoms of Cervical Cancer | Bleeding in between periods | 26 (14.9) |
| Foul smell discharge | 6 (3.4) | |
| Bleeding after intercourse in women of any age | 1 (.6) | |
| Postmenopausal bleeding | 10 (5.7) | |
| Urinary urgency | 2 (1.1) | |
| Severe back ache and lower abdominal pain | 16 (9.1) | |
| Severe swelling in one or both legs and feet | 2 (1.1) | |
| Do not know | 135 (77.1) | |
| At Least Two Risk Factors (2 points) | ||
| Risk Factors of Cervical Cancer | Having multiple sexual partners | 7 (4.0) |
| Early sexual intercourse | 8 (4.6) | |
| Acquiring HPV | 2 (1.1) | |
| Cigarette smoking | 8 (4.6) | |
| Parity and young age at first birth | 3 (1.7) | |
| Use of oral contraceptive over 5 years | 6 (3.4) | |
| History of sexually transmitted disease | 2 (1.1) | |
| Poor menstrual hygiene | 10 (5.7) | |
| Multiple pregnancies (>5) | 6 (3.4) | |
| Do not know | 145 (82.9) | |
| At Least Two Prevention Methods (2 points) | ||
| Prevention of Cervical Cancer | Avoid multiple sexual partners | 9 (5.1) |
| Avoid early sexual intercourse | 10 (5.7) | |
| Vaccination against HPV | 7 (4.0) | |
| Quit smoking 80 | 6 (3.4) | |
| Avoid birth at young age | 8 (4.6) | |
| Avoid usage of oral contraceptives | 12 (6.8) | |
| Do not know | 148 (84.6) | |
| At Least Two Modes (2 points) | ||
| Treatment of Cervical Cancer | Drug therapy | 40 (22.9) |
| Radiotherapy | 13 (7.4) | |
| Surgery | 27 (15.4) | |
| Do not know | 125 (70.9) | |
| At Least One Test (1 Point) | ||
| Screening Tests of Cervical Cancer | VIA | 4 (2.3) |
| VILI | 4 (2.3) | |
| Pap smear | 23 (13.1) | |
| Do not know | 143 (81.7) | |
| Others (blood test) | 1 (0.6) | |
| At Least One Eligibility Criteria (1 Point) | ||
| Eligibility Criteria for Screening | Women age of 25 years and above | 64 (36.6) |
| Women having multiple sex partners | 6 (3.4) | |
| Elderly women | 20 (11.4) | |
| Do not know | 84 (48.0) | |
| Others (>18years) | 1 (0.6) | |
| At Least One Location (1 point) | ||
| Location of Screening | Government Centers | 80 (45.7) |
| Private Centers | 165 (94.3) | |
| Do not know | 24 (13.7) | |
| At Least One Frequency Criteria (1 point) | ||
| Frequency of Screening | Once every year | 27 (15.4) |
| Once every 3 years | 14 (8.0) | |
| Once every 5 years | 1 (0.6) | |
| Do not know and others | 133 (75.4) | |
| At Least 2 Points | ||
| Knowledge of HPV | Heard of HPV Vaccine | 1 (0.6) |