Figure 1
Map of Surveyed Communities around Lagos.
Table 1
Demographics of Survey Population (N = 348).
| Number of Respondents (%) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Age* | 0–18 | 9 (2.6) |
| 19–29 | 114 (32.8) | |
| 30–39 | 114 (32.8) | |
| 40–49 | 66 (19.0) | |
| 50–59 | 29 (8.3) | |
| 60–69 | 13 (3.7) | |
| >70 | 3 (0.9) | |
| Sex | Male | 168 (48.3) |
| Female | 180 (51.7) | |
| Marital Status | Married | 235 (67.5) |
| Single | 94 (27.0) | |
| Divorced | 10 (2.9) | |
| Widowed | 9 (2.6) | |
| Education Level | None | 101 (29.0) |
| Primary | 91 (26.1) | |
| Secondary | 128 (36.8) | |
| NCE/NDβ | 18 (5.2) | |
| HND/Universityz | 10 (2.9) | |
| Occupation | Trader | 128 (36.8) |
| Artisan | 88 (25.3) | |
| Fishing | 57 (16.4) | |
| Student | 33 (9.5) | |
| Teacher | 10 (2.9) | |
| Other | 32 (9.2) | |
| Community | Ago Egun Bariga** | 21 (6.0) |
| Amukoko | 20 (5.7) | |
| Daramola | 21 (6.0) | |
| Igbologun | 20 (5.7) | |
| Irede | 25 (7.2) | |
| Itun Agan | 20 (5.7) | |
| Ofin** | 25 (7.2) | |
| Oko Agbon** | 28 (8.0) | |
| Okun Ayo | 5 (1.4) | |
| Oreta** | 37 (10.6) | |
| Orisunmibare | 20 (5.7) | |
| Otumara | 21 (6.0) | |
| Owode Ebute | 19 (5.5) | |
| Sagbo Kodji | 25(7.2) | |
| Sogunro** | 31 (8.9) | |
| Tomaro | 10 (2.9) |
[i] * Mean Age (SE) = 34.7 (0.63).
** Denotes an Egun-speaking community.
β NCE = National Certificate of Education, ND = National Diploma.
Z HND = Higher National Diploma.
Table 2
Survey Questions for Health Knowledge Assessment and Percentage Correct.
| True or False Question | Correct* | % Correct | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 9 | Rainwater is good for drinking. | False | 39.9 |
| 10 | Water from flowing stream, river or lagoon is safe to drink. | False | 73.0 |
| 11 | Filtering water alone makes it clean for drinking. | False | 23.6 |
| 12 | It is important we wash our hands after stooling. | True | 97.1 |
| 13 | Washing our hands regularly can prevent disease. | True | 96.3 |
| 14 | Family planning helps our family to live healthy. | True | 76.7 |
| 15 | HIV can spread through mosquito bite. | False | 50.0 |
| 16 | You can get HIV when you share spoon, plate or cup with an infected person. | False | 52.3 |
| 17 | A woman who has sex with different men may find it difficult to get pregnant. | False | 27.9 |
| 18 | Vaccine can protect people from disease. | True | 81.0 |
| 19 | Vaccines kill children all the time. | False | 77.6 |
| 20 | The signs of malaria and typhoid can seem alike. | True | 55.5 |
[i] * Incorrect Responses included “Don’t Know”.
Table 3
Survey Questions for Health Behaviors and Health Access.
| Question | Responses | N (%) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21* | What are the common sicknesses affecting children in this community? | Malaria | 203 (55.3) |
| Measles | 54 (14.7) | ||
| Cough/Catarrh | 42 (11.4) | ||
| Diarrhea | 37 (10.2) | ||
| Typhoid | 24 (6.5) | ||
| Other | 7 (1.9) | ||
| 22* | Which is the most common sickness affecting adults in this community? | Malaria | 138 (36.6) |
| Typhoid | 70 (18.6) | ||
| Diarrhea | 59 (15.6) | ||
| Hypertension | 33 (8.7) | ||
| Measles | 28 (7.4) | ||
| Cough/Catarrh | 12 (3.2) | ||
| Stroke | 12 (3.2) | ||
| Diabetes | 10 (2.7) | ||
| Other | 15 (4.0) | ||
| 23 | How many times have you been sick in the last six (6) months? | 0 | 117 (33.6) |
| 1 | 117 (33.6) | ||
| 2 | 72 (20.7) | ||
| 3 | 27 (7.8) | ||
| 4 | 13 (3.7) | ||
| > 5 | 2 (0.6) | ||
| 24 | What type of sickness did you have last? | Malaria | 141 (61.0) |
| Typhoid | 43 (18.6) | ||
| Cough and Catarrh | 14 (6.1) | ||
| Diarrhea | 6 (2.6) | ||
| Measles | 4 (1.7) | ||
| Hypertension | 3 (1.3) | ||
| Stroke | 2 (0.9) | ||
| Diabetes | 1 (0.4) | ||
| Other | 17 (7.4) | ||
| 25 | Where do most people go when they are sick? | Chemist | 112 (32.2) |
| Health Center | 91 (26.1) | ||
| Agbo Seller | 52 (14.9) | ||
| Other | 93 (26.7) | ||
| 26 | Where do you go when you are sick? | Chemist | 116 (33.3) |
| Health Center | 91 (26.1) | ||
| Agbo Seller | 44 (12.6) | ||
| Other | 97 (27.9) | ||
| 27a | Is there a health center nearby? | No | 161 (46.3) |
| Yes | 154 (44.3) | ||
| Don’t Know | 33 (9.5) | ||
| 27b | If yes, how easy is it for you to reach there? | Easy | 100 (64.9) |
| Difficult | 54 (35.1) | ||
| 28a | Can you get free health services at the health center? | No | 80 (51.9) |
| Yes | 71 (46.1) | ||
| Don’t Know | 3 (1.9) | ||
| 28b | If yes, what services are free? | Malaria | 54 (65.1) |
| Measles | 7 (8.4) | ||
| Typhoid | 7 (8.4) | ||
| Diarrhea | 5 (6.0) | ||
| Family Planning | 2 (2.4) | ||
| Cough/Catarrh | 2 (2.4) | ||
| Other | 6 (7.2) | ||
| 29 | How do you dispose of your refuse? | Burning | 194 (55.7) |
| Gutter or Drain | 53 (15.2) | ||
| Roadside | 23 (6.6) | ||
| Other (Lagoon, Bury) | 78 (22.4) | ||
| 30 | Do you participate in regular community environmental sanitation? | Yes | 233 (67.0) |
| No | 115 (33.0) | ||
| If yes, what do you do? | Sweep | 109 (46.8) | |
| General Cleaning | 49 (21.0) | ||
| Rake the Gutter | 16 (6.9) | ||
| Cutting the Grass | 16 (6.9) | ||
| Packing the Gutter | 10 (4.3) | ||
| Monitoring | 7 (3.0) | ||
| Washing | 6 (2.6) | ||
| Other | 20 (8.6) | ||
| If no, would you be willing to participate? | Yes | 89 (77) | |
| No | 26 (23) | ||
| 31 | Do you have a toilet in your house/compound or otherwise very nearby? | Yes | 214 (61.5) |
| No | 134 (38.5) | ||
| 32 | If yes, what kind of toilet do you use? | Hanging Toilet | 108 (50.5) |
| Flush Toilet | 66 (30.8) | ||
| Pit Latrine | 28(13.1) | ||
| Bucket Latrine | 6 (2.8) | ||
| Dunghill | 5 (2.3) | ||
| Nylon Bag | 1 (0.5) | ||
| 33a | If no, which toilet do you use? | Public Toilet | 56 (41.8) |
| Nylon Bag | 44 (32.8) | ||
| Bush | 25 (18.7) | ||
| Dunghill | 6 (4.4) | ||
| Other | 3 (2.2) | ||
| 33b | If public/community toilet, which type is it? | Hanging Toilet | 41 (73.2) |
| Flush Toilet | 11 (19.6) | ||
| Pit Latrine | 3 (5.4) | ||
| Bucket Latrine | 1 (1.8) | ||
| 34a | Would you pay to use a flush/modern toilet? | Yes | 108 (80.6) |
| No | 26 (19.4) | ||
| 34b | If yes, how much? (naira) | 5 | 1 (0.9) |
| 10 | 21 (19.4) | ||
| 20 | 69 (63.9) | ||
| 30 | 3 (2.8) | ||
| 50 | 14 (13.0) | ||
| 35 | Are there any health problems that result from hanging toilets, bucket latrine, pit latrine, or use of nylon? | No | 266 (76.4) |
| Yes | 78 (22.4) | ||
| Don’t Know | 4 (1.1) | ||
| 36a | Where do you get the water you use? | Borehole | 199 (57.2) |
| Well | 84 (24.1) | ||
| Buy from Mallam | 51 (14.7) | ||
| River | 4 (1.1) | ||
| Other | 10 (2.9) | ||
| 36b | Is it safe to drink? | Yes | 198 (56.9) |
| No | 150 (43.1) | ||
| 37 | If no, how do you make your water clean for drinking? | Drink “Pure” Water | 120 (80.0) |
| Boiling | 15 (10.0) | ||
| Water Guard | 7 (4.7) | ||
| Filtering | 4 (2.7) | ||
| Other | 4 (2.7) | ||
| 38 | How much would you pay for a jerry can of clean drinkable water? | 0 | 87 (25.0) |
| 5 | 20 (5.7) | ||
| 10 | 115 (33.0) | ||
| 15 | 1 (0.3) | ||
| 20 | 61 (17.5) | ||
| 25 | 8 (2.3) | ||
| 30 | 11 (3.2) | ||
| 50 | 37 (10.6) | ||
| 60 | 3 (0.9) | ||
| 100 | 5 (1.4) | ||
| 39a | Do you wash your hands? | Yes | 338 (97.1) |
| No | 10 (2.9) | ||
| 39b | If yes, when do you wash your hands?* | After Food | 159 (47.3) |
| Anytime hands are dirty | 173 (51.7) | ||
| Before Food | 186 (55.6) | ||
| After Toilet | 154 (46.6) | ||
| Before Cooking | 81 (24.2) | ||
| Other | 2 (0.7) | ||
| 40 | What do you use to wash your hand? | Soap and Water | 271 (80.2) |
| Water Only | 67 (19.8) | ||
| 41 | Would you be willing to contribute to help keep a bucket of clean water and soap outside the toilet for children to use? | Yes | 304 (87.4) |
| No | 44 (12.6) | ||
| 42 | Do you get tested for malaria before taking drugs? | No | 200 (57.5) |
| Yes | 148 (42.5) | ||
| 43 | Are your children immunized? | Yes | 241 (69.3) |
| No | 78 (22.4) | ||
| No Children | 29 (8.3) | ||
| 44 | Do you practice family planning? | No | 245 (70.4) |
| Yes | 103 (29.6) | ||
| 45 | What changes could your community make to improve the health of the people? | Sanitation | 100 (28.7) |
| Blank | 57 (16.4) | ||
| Clean Water | 46 (13.2) | ||
| Better Health Center | 36 (10.3) | ||
| Health Advice | 28 (8.0) | ||
| Toilet | 31 (8.9) | ||
| Other | 50 (14.4) |
[i] * Respondents were allowed to state multiple responses.
Table 4
Survey Questions for Health Knowledge Assessment: Differences among participants according to sex, age, language, and education using Chi-Square Analysis.
| Q9 Water | Q10 Water | Q11 Water | Q12 Hygiene | Q13 Hygiene | Q14 Family | Q15 HIV | Q16 HIV | Q17 Sex | Q18 Vaccine | Q19 Vaccine | Q20 Malaria | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male (n = 168) | 0.39 | 0.77 | 0.26 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.72 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.24 | 0.82 | 0.79 | 0.58 |
| Female (n = 180) | 0.41 | 0.69 | 0.21 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.49 | 0.53 | 0.31 | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.53 | |
| p-Value | 0.81 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.45* | 0.47 | 0.04 | 0.83 | 0.85 | 0.16 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.41 | |
| Age | Youth (n = 153) | 0.44 | 0.80 | 0.24 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.72 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.27 | 0.78 | 0.75 | 0.50 |
| Elder (n = 195) | 0.37 | 0.68 | 0.24 | 0.98 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0.83 | 0.80 | 0.60 | |
| p-Value | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.30* | 0.87 | 0.06 | 0.45 | 0.02 | 0.88 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.05 | |
| Language | Egun (n = 142) | 0.51 | 0.73 | 0.18 | 0.96 | 0.98 | 0.77 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.66 | 0.73 | 0.58 |
| Non-Egun (n = 206) | 0.33 | 0.73 | 0.28 | 0.98 | 0.95 | 0.77 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.30 | 0.91 | 0.81 | 0.54 | |
| p-Value | < 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.03 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.99 | 0.19 | < 0.01 | 0.27 | < 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.48 | |
| Education | None (n = 101) | 0.39 | 0.79 | 0.15 | 0.99 | 0.98 | 0.79 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.17 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.50 |
| 1°/2° (n = 219) | 0.41 | 0.69 | 0.25 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.75 | 0.55 | 0.51 | 0.29 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.57 | |
| Higher (n = 28) | 0.39 | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.79 | 0.61 | 0.93 | 0.57 | 0.93 | 0.89 | 0.64 | |
| p-value | 0.94 | 0.15 | < 0.01 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.73 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.25 | 0.12 | 0.28 |
[i] * Indicates Fisher Exact Test was used.
Note: Cell data (excluding p-values) indicates proportion of correct responses to the specific survey question. A p-value significance threshold of 0.05 was used.