Air Pollution in Kazakhstan and Its Health Risk Assessment

D. Kenessary; A. Kenessary; Z. Adilgereiuly; N. Akzholova; A. Erzhanova; A. Dosmukhametov; D. Syzdykov; Abdul-Razak Masoud; Timur Saliev

doi:10.5334/aogh.2535

Figures & Tables

Table 1

Referent values of pollutants in ambient air of populated areas.

Substances	Referent values (mg/m³)
Substances	Maximum single	Average daily
Ammonia	0.2	0.04
Benz(a)pyrene	–	0.1 mkg/100 m³
Suspended particles (dust)	0.5	0.15
Suspended particles PM-10	0.3	0.06
Suspended particles PM-2.5	0.16	0.035
Hydrogen fluoride	0.01	0.001
Nitrogen dioxide	0.2	0.04
Sulfur dioxide	0.5	0.05
Copper	0.003	0.002
Cadmium	–	0.0003
Manganese	0.01	0.001
Methane	46.7	10
Arsenic	0.04	0.01
Ozone (ground level)	0.16	0.03
Nitrogen oxide	0.4	0.06
Carbon monoxide	5.0	3.0
Hydrogen sulfide	0.008	–
Lead	0.001	0.0003
Sulfates	0.003	0.002
Phenol	0.01	0.003
Formaldehyde	0.05	0.01
Chlorine	0.1	0.03
Hydrogen chloride	0.2	0.1
Hydrogen fluoride	0.02	0.005
Chromium	–	0.0015
Zinc	–	0.05

Table 2

Acute exposure hazard quotients (HQ acute) caused by the main chemical pollutants of atmospheric air in the studied cities of the Kazakhstan. 1 – Shymkent. 2 – Astana. 3 – Kokshetau. 4 – Stepnogorsk. 5 – Borovoye. 6 – Shchuchinsk-Borovoy resort area. 7 – Aktobe. 8 – Almaty. 9 – Taldykurgan. 10 – Atyrau. 11 – Ust-Kamenogorsk. 12 – Semey. 13 – Taraz. 14 – Uralsk. 15 – Aksay. 16 – Karaganda. 17 – Balkhash. 18 – Zhezkazgan. 19 – Temirtau. 20 –Kostanay. 21 – Kyzylorda. 22 – Aktau. 23 –Pavloda. 24 – Ekibastuz. 25 – Petropavlovsk. 26 – Turkestan.

*Cities	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26
Substances
Ammonia	1.1			0.3	0.6	0.5	0.9		1.0	0.1	0.3	0.6	0.1	0.2	0.6	0.2	0.2	0.6	1.3			0.2	0.6	0.4	0.4
Suspended particles (dust)	2.3	14.7	3.7		0.7	1.7	1.3	2.3	3.3	4.0	4.7	2.0	7.0			2.3	8.3	7.0	3.7	4.0	3.3	1.7	3.3	2.7	0.3	3.3
Suspended particles PM-10	19.3	5.3	1.3	0.8	2.0	2.0	12.7	6.7		10.0	6.7	6.0	3.3	4.7	1.9	17.3	0.3	9.3			6.7	16.7	6.5	4.0	11.6
Suspended particles PM-2.5	13.8	10.8	2.9	0.8	3.1	2.5	7.7	10.8		6.2		12.3		3.4		38.5	0.6	15.4			4.6	9.2	6.9	3.1	2.8
Hydrogen fluoride											0.3
Nitrogen dioxide	0.4	3.7	0.6	0.3	0.4	0.4	0.6	1.1	1.4	0.4	1.6	1.3	0.6	0.4	0.4	1.0	0.8	1.2	1.2	0.6	0.6	0.5	1.4	0.9	6.4	0.4
Sulfur dioxide	0.6	1.4	0.7		0.7	0.7	5.3	0.6	2.5	0.8	5.5	0.5	3.0	2.4	0.2	0.7	4.4	3.2	6.8	1.0	0.5	0.4	0.6	2.6	0.2	0.4
Copper	0.5							2.9			0.001						0.02
Arsenic	25.0							17.5			5.0						1.0
Ozone (ground level)	0.9			1.6	0.8	0.9	1.6			0.9	1.2	1.0	0.7	0.9	0.7	1.5	0.6	0.6				0.9	0.9	0.9	0.6
Nitrogen oxide	0.7	0.5	0.9	0.1	0.5	0.5	0.8	1.0	3.1	1.0	2.9	3.2	1.4	0.7	0.4	0.7	0.2	2.8	0.7	1.4	0.6	0.3	2.7	0.4	3.8	0.5
Carbon monoxide	0.6	0.4	0.2		0.2	0.2	1.0	0.9	0.6	0.2	0.7	0.4	0.7	1.0	0.2	3.1	0.7	0.9	1.2	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.8	0.9	0.001	0.7
Hydrogen sulfide	0.3				0.1	0.1	2.4		0.3	1.4	5.0	0.3	0.2	0.3	0.2	0.5	1.8	0.7	1.0		0.01	0.3	0.3	0.3	1.8
Sulfates		1.4											1.4			0.2	1.2	3.2	0.6			0.6	0.4	0.4	2.6
Phenol								0.002		0.001	0.01	0.01				0.003		0.009	0.01				0.003		0.3
Formaldehyde	1.6						3.5	1.02		0.1	1.1		1.0			0.6					0.1				2.1	0.5
Chlorine											0.7												0.1
Hydrogen chloride											0.1												0.03
Hydrogen fluoride		0.5											0.1
Standard HQ ≤ 1.0

Table 3

Hazard quotients of chronic exposure (HQ chronic) due to the main chemical pollutants of the atmospheric air in the studied cities of the Kazakhstan. 1 – Shymkent. 2 – Astana. 3 – Kokshetau. 4 – Stepnogorsk. 5 – Borovoye. 6 – Shchuchinsk-Borovoy resort area. 7 – Aktobe. 8 – Almaty. 9 – Taldykurgan. 10 – Atyrau. 11 – Ust-Kamenogorsk. 12 – Semey. 13 – Taraz. 14 – Uralsk. 15 – Aksay. 16 – Karaganda. 17 – Balkhash. 18 – Zhezkazgan. 19 – Temirtau. 20 – Kostanay. 21 – Kyzylorda. 22 – Aktau. 23 – Pavloda. 24 – Ekibastuz. 25 – Petropavlovsk. 26 – Turkestan.

*Cities	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26
Substances
Ammonia	0.2			0.2	0.1	0.1	0.04		0.1	0.04	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.04	0.03	0.1	0.1		0.6			0.1	0.1	0.1	0.02
Benz(a)pyrene											700.0		100.0
Suspended particles (dust)	3.4	4.0	0.8		0.5	0.4	0.4	2.3	0.9	1.8	1.3	1.6	2.0		0.2	1.9	2.3	4.3	3.6		0.8	2.8	1.2	1.7		1.3
Suspended particles PM-10	2.0	1.2	0.04	0.1	0.4	0.4	0.8	0.6		0.4	1.0	0.4	0.8	0.4		2.0	0.6	0.6		0.2	0.8	2.0	0.1	0.2	0.05
PM-2.5 suspended particles	2.7	1.3	0.1	0.1	1.3	1.3	1.3	0.6		0.7		2.0		0.7		6.7	2.0	0.7			0.7	1.3	0.4	0.7	1.1
Hydrogen fluoride											0.5
Nitrogen dioxide	1.0	2.0	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2	0.5	1.8	1.3	1.0	1.5	0.8	1.8	0.5	0.5	1.3	0.5	1.0	0.5	0.8	1.3	0.5	0.8	0.5	22.5	0.3
Sulfur dioxide	0.2	0.5	0.1		0.5	0.2	0.2	1.1	0.8	0.2	2.2	0.5	0.2	0.3	0.02	0.4	0.6	0.4	1.0	0.5	1.4	0.4	0.3	0.1	0.2	0.2
Cadmium	450.0							50.0			3.0						479850.0
Manganese													74800.0
Copper	800.0							4050.0			2.5						22.7
Methane											0.03	0.03		0.002		0.02	0.01		0.01				0.002	0.01
Arsenic	166.7							16.7			3.3						271333.3
Ozone (ground level)	1.9			1.3	0.5	0.6	2.8			1.1	1.4	1.5	1.3	1.0	1.1	0.8	1.2	0.5				1.8	0.7	1.2
Nitrogen oxide	0.2	0.3	1.8	0.1	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.7	1	0.1	0.3	0.5	0.3	0.2	0.02	0.1	0.03		0.2	0.3	0.2	0.2	0.4	0.1	13.3	0.1
Carbon monoxide	0.7	0.2	0.1		0.1	0.1	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.5	0.1	0.03	0.3	0.3	0.3	0.4	0.2	0.1	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.0001	0.2
Lead	20.0							66.0			0.7		18180.0				1.4
Hydrogen sulfide	1.0				1.4	0.4	1.0		0.5	2.0	1.5	2.0	0.5	1.5		0.5	0.5	4.5	1.0		0.2	1.5	1.0	0.5	8.0
Sulfates		0.3											0.6			0.3	0.1	0.4	0.4			0.6	0.1	0.1	0.1
Phenol								0.3		0.3	0.3	0.7				1.0		1.4	0.1				0.1		0.4
Formaldehyde	7.4						1.0	4.1		0.6	1.3		2.4			4.2					0.3				3.3	0.1
Chlorine											35.0												1.5
Hydrogen chloride											1.5												1.1
Hydrogen fluoride		0.1											0.2
Chromium	10.0						3.0	60.0									90300.0
Zinc											1.0
Standard HQ ≤ 1.0

Table 4

Hazard index for chronic and acute exposure (HI acute/HI chronic) of the respiratory organs to the main chemical pollutants of the atmospheric air in the studied cities of Kazakhstan.

No	Cities	HI acute	HI chronic
1	Shymkent	41.6	1,446.6
2	Astana	38.3	9.8
3	Kokshetau	10.1	3.2
4	Stepnogorsk	3.8	1.9
5	Borovoye	8.9	5.0
6	Shchuchinsk-Borovoye resort area	9.2	3.7
7	Aktobe	36.7	11.3
8	Almaty	26.3	4,187.8
9	Taldykorgan	11.6	4.5
10	Atyrau	24.8	7.9
11	Ust-Kamenogorsk	30.0	57.5
12	Semey	27.2	9.3
13	Taraz	18.9	74,810.2
14	Uralsk	13.0	4.5
15	Aksay	4.4	1.9
16	Karaganda	63.5	18.3
17	Balkhash	18.5	841,514.1
18	Zhezkazgan	44.1	12.4
19	Temirtau	15.3	7.3
20	Kostanay	6.9	1.7
21	Kyzylorda	16.4	5.6
22	Aktau	30.7	11.2
23	Pavlodar	23.6	7.7
24	Ekibastuz	15.5	5.1
25	Petropavlovsk	32.5	48.6
26	Turkestan	5.1	2.0
Standard HI ≤ 1.0

Table 5

Individual carcinogenic risk (ICR) in the studied cities of the Kazakhstan.

Cities	Shymkent	Aktobe	Almaty	Atyrau	Ust-Kamenogorsk	Taraz	Karaganda	Balkhash
Substances
Cadmium	1.62E-02		1.80E-03		1.08E-04			1.73E+01
Copper
Arsenic	2.14E-02		2.14E-03		4.29E-04			3.49E+01
Carbon monoxide
Lead	1.20E-04		3.96E-04		4.32E-06	1.09E-01		8.40E-06
Formaldehyde	2.93E-04	3.94E-05	1.62E-04	2.50E-05	5.26E-05	9.46E-05	1.64E-04
Chromium	1.20E-02	3.60E-03	7.20E-02					1.08E+02