Table 1
Summary of Handheld Echocardiography Operator and Equipment Characteristics.
| Study | Lesion | N | Provider level | Level of training | Equipment | US Capability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Godown et al. 2015 | AR MR | 1317 | Cardiologist | Cardiologist | Vscan (GE) | 2D, colour Doppler |
| Kobal et al. 2005 | AS AR MR TR | 61 | Medical student | 4 hours lecture 14 hours hands-on | Philips OptiGo | 2D, colour Doppler |
| Martin et al. 2009 | AS AR MR | 354 | Hospitalist | Performed 5 echocardiograms, 6 hours spent on interpretation | SonoSite Elite | 2D, colour Doppler |
| Mehta et al. 2014 | AS MR TR | 250 | Cardiologist | Cardiologist (<2 to >20 years) | Vscan (GE Healthcare) | 2D, colour Doppler |
| Spencer et al. 2001 | AS AR MR TR | 36 | Cardiologist | Cardiologist, level 2 (average 5 years’ practice) | Agilent Technologies | 2D, colour Doppler |
| Stokke et al. 2014 | AS AR MR | 72 | Medical student | 4 hours training program | Vscan (GE Vingmed) | 2D, colour Doppler |
[i] N: number of patients examined; US: Ultrasounds.
Table 2
Summary of reviewed studies in aortic stenosis.
| Study | Handheld Echocardiography | Physical Examination | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy/concordance | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy/concordance | ||
| Kobal et al. 2005 | 0.62 | NR | NR | 0.46 | NR | NR | Sens: NS |
| Martin et al. 2009 | 0.79 [0.75–0.84] | 0.85 [0.81–0.89] | 0.82 [0.76–0.87] | 0.68 [0.55–0.81] | 0.94 [0.91–0.97] | 0.81 [0.75–0.86] | Spec: NS |
| Mehta et al. 2014 | 0.94 [0.67–0.99] | 0.98 [0.95–0.99] | NR | 0.88 [0.61–0.97] | 0.97 [0.93–0.98] | NR | Sens: 1.0 Spec: 0.55 |
| Stokke et al. 2014 | 0.70 [0.5–0.86] | 0.97 [0.87–0.99] | 0.71 | 0.67 [0.46–0.83] | 0.98 [0.9–1.0] | 0.71 | Sens: NS |
[i] [ ]: confidence intervals; NR: not reported; NS: not significant; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity.
Table 3
Summary of reviewed studies in aortic regurgitation.
| Study | Handheld Echocardiography | Physical Examination | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy/concordance | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy/concordance | ||
| Godown et al. 2015 | 0.818 | 0.992 | NR | 0.136 | 0.998 | NR | Sens: <0.001 |
| Kobal et al. 2005 | 0.92 | 0.78 | 0.85 | 0.49 | 0.81 | 0.67 | Sens: <0.001 |
| Martin et al. 2009 | 0.76 [0.67–0.85] | 0.73 [0.67–0.79] | 0.745 [0.68–0.80] | 0.69 [0.59–0.79] | 0.89 [0.85–0.94] | 0.79 [0.673–0.84] | Spec 0.001 Sens: NS |
| Spencer et al. 2001 | 0.78 | NR | NR | 0.26 | NR | NR | Sens: <0.05 |
| Stokke et al. 2014 | 0.43 [0.23–0.66] | 0.90 [0.80–0.96] | κ = 0.36 | 0.33 [0.15–0.57] | 1.0 [0.94–1.0] | κ = 0.44 | Sens: NS |
[i] [ ]: confidence intervals; NR: not reported; NS: not significant; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity.
Table 4
Summary of reviewed studies in mitral regurgitation.
| Study | Handheld Echocardiography | Physical Examination | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy/concordance | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy/concordance | ||
| Godown et al. 2015 | 0.532 | 0.966 | NR | 0.159 | 0.915 | NR | Sens: 0.31 |
| Kobal et al. 2005 | 0.92 [0.851–0.962] | 0.78 [0.70–0.85] | 0.85 [0.79–0.89] | 0.49 [0.39–0.59] | 0.81 [0.73–0.87] | 0.67 [0.60–0.73] | Sens: <0.001 Spec: NS |
| Martin et al. 2009 | 0.76 [0.69–0.82] | 0.80 [0.72–0.87] | 0.78 [0.72–0.84] | 0.70 [0.63–0.77] | 0.89 [0.83–0.94] | 0.795 [0.73–0.85] | Spec: 0.05 Sens: NS |
| Mehta et al. 2014 | 1.0 [0.97–1.0] | 0.996 [0.97–1.0] | NR | 0.6 [0.54–0.66] | 0.97 [0.94–0.99] | NR | Sens: 0.008 Spec: 0.07 |
| Spencer et al. 2001 | 0.785 | NR | NR | 0.532 | NR | NR | Sens: <0.05 |
| Stokke et al. 2014 | 0.69 [0.53–0.82] | 0.89 [0.78–0.95] | 0.59 | 0.29 [0.16–0.45] | 0.90 [0.76–0.96] | 0.21 | Sens: <0.01 |
[i] [ ]: confidence intervals; NR: not reported; NS: not significant; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity.
Table 5
Summary of reviewed studies in tricuspid regurgitation.
| Study | Handheld Echocardiography | Physical Examination | p-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy/concordance | Sensitivity | Specificity | Accuracy/concordance | ||
| Kobal et al. 2005 | 0.92 [0.85–0.96] | 0.78 [0.70–0.85] | 0.85 [0.79–0.89] | 0.49 [0.39–0.59] | 0.81 [0.73–0.87] | 0.67 [0.60–0.73] | Sens: <0.001 Spec: NS |
| Mehta et al. 2014 | 0.88 [0.69–0.96] | 0.97 [0.94–0.99] | NR | 0.28 [0.14–0.48] | 0.98 [0.95–0.99] | NR | Sens: <0.001 Spec: 0.75 |
| Spencer et al. 2001 | 0.691 | NR | NR | 0.345 | NR | NR | <0.05 |
[i] [ ]: confidence intervals; NR: Not reported; NS: Not significant; Sens: sensitivity; Spec: specificity.