Figure 1
Map of Anambra state showing study areas in (a) senatorial districts, (b) local government areas/towns.
Table 1
Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis based on haematuria and microscopy.
| Number examined | Number infected (%) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Occupation | Haematuria | Microscopy | |
| Civil servant | 28 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Farmer | 22 | 3 (13.6) | 2 (9.1) |
| Student | 282 | 16 (5.7) | 6 (2.1) |
| Trader | 28 | 1 (3.6) | 1 (3.6) |
| Fishing | 7 | 5 (71.4) | 4 (57.1) |
| χ2 = 50.741, p < 0.001 | χ2 = 63.523, p < 0.001 | ||
| Age (year) | |||
| 0–10 | 183 | 7 (3.8) | 3 (1.6) |
| 11–20 | 94 | 10 (10.6) | 4 (4.3) |
| 21–30 | 45 | 3 (6.7) | 1 (2.2) |
| 31–40 | 20 | 3 (15.0) | 3 (15.0) |
| ≥41 | 25 | 2 (8.0) | 2 (8.0) |
| χ2 = 6.909, p = 0.141 | χ2 = 11.447, p = 0.022 | ||
| Sex | |||
| Male | 244 | 12 (4.9) | 7 (2.9) |
| Female | 206 | 13 (6.3) | 6 (2.9) |
| χ2 = 0.413, p = 0.521 | χ2 = 0.001, p = 0.978 | ||
| Total | 450 | 25 (5.5) | 13 (2.9) |
Table 2
Distance to water body and prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in Anambra State.
| Locations | Number Infected (%) | Distance to Water (km) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senatorial District | LGAs | Towns | ||
| Anambra North | Anambra East | Aguleri (n = 46) | 3 (6.5) | 2.409577 |
| (n = 150) | Anambra West | Umueze-Anam (n = 63) | 5 (7.9) | 1.2166 |
| Ayamelu | Omor (n = 41) | 1 (2.4) | 2.142287 | |
| 9 (6.0) | ||||
| Anambra Central | Anaocha | Agulu (n = 53) | 2 (3.8) | 3.258459 |
| (n = 150) | Idemili North | Ogidi (n = 47) | 0 (0.0) | 7.522285 |
| Awka South | Awka (n = 50) | 0 (0.0) | 3.5805 | |
| 2 (1.3) | ||||
| Anambra South | Nnewi South | Ukpor (n = 60) | 2 (3.3) | 2.067764 |
| (n = 150) | Ihiala | Ihiala (n = 48) | 0 (0.0) | 8.436227 |
| Ekwusigo | Oraifite (n = 42) | 0 (0.0) | 6.493389 | |
| 2 (1.3) | ||||
[i] n = number examined. Total number infected and percentage per senatorial district in bold font.
Figure 2
Prevalence map of urinary schistosomiasisbytowns in Anambra State, Nigeria.
Figure 3
Prevalence of urinary schistosomiasisbysenatorial districts in Anambra State, Nigeria.
Table 3
Overall demographic and water contact activities of questionnaire respondent (n = 367).
| Variables | Frequency (%) |
|---|---|
| Districts | |
| Anambra North | 168 (45.8) |
| Anambra Central | 128 (34.9) |
| Anambra South | 71 (19.3) |
| LGAs/Towns | |
| Anambra East/Aguleri | 54 (14.7) |
| Anambra West/Umueze-Anam | 61 (16.6) |
| Ayamelu/Omor | 53 (14.4) |
| Anaocha/Agulu | 47 (12.8) |
| Idemili North/Ogidi | 40 (10.9) |
| Awka South/Awka | 41 (11.2) |
| Nnewi South/Ukpor | 26 (7.1) |
| Ihiala/Ihiala | 22 (6.0) |
| Ekwusigo/Oraifite | 23 (6.3) |
| Sex | |
| Male | 162 (44.1) |
| Female | 205 (55.9) |
| Age Groups | |
| 0–10 | 183 (44.9) |
| 11–20 | 94 (25.6) |
| 21–30 | 45 (12.3) |
| 31–40 | 20 (5.4) |
| ≥ 41 | 25 (6.8) |
| Occupation | |
| Civil Servant | 28 (7.6) |
| Farmer | 22 (6.0) |
| Student | 282 (76.8) |
| Trader | 28 (7.6) |
| Fishing | 7 (1.9) |
| Water Contact | |
| Sources of drinking water | |
| Tap water | 290 (79.0) |
| Stream water | 7 (1.9) |
| Rain water | 27 (7.9) |
| Sachet water | 43 (11.7) |
| Purpose for visiting standing water | |
| Bathing | 74 (20.2) |
| Washing | 73 (19.9) |
| Fishing | 45 (12.3) |
| Swimming | 127 (34.6) |
| Visiting | 77 (21.0) |
[i] n = number examined.
Table 4
Predisposing factors to infection with urinary schistosomiasis in Anambra State, Nigeria (n = 367).
| Variable | Status | AOR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Occupation | Student | Reference | |
| Civil servant | * | 0.9949 | |
| Farmer | 13.5949 (0.8946–304.7746) | 0.0689 | |
| Traders | 11.3967 (0.4425–178.3362) | 0.0802 | |
| Fishing | 103.0443 (4.6278–7093.972) | 0.0114 | |
| Swimming Activity | Swim in stream | 21.2710 (0.9147–2562.267) | 0.1140 |
| Does not swim | Reference | ||
| Wash in stream | Yes | 12.4585 (1.9590–258.8108) | 0.0254 |
| No | Reference | ||
| Distance to stream | Near | 11.3157 (2.2473–90.6889) | 0.0071 |
| Far | Reference |
[i] OR: Odds ratio. CI: confidence interval. *odd ratio unavailable due to no infection in category, therefore odds not defined.