Table 1
Characteristics of the study sample by gender.
| Factors | Men | Women | Total | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| % (N = 929) | % (N = 965) | % (N = 1894) | ||
| Age (Y): | ||||
| 21–49 | 72.6 (674) | 68.6 (664) | 70.6 (1338) | 0.199 |
| 50–64 | 16.9 (157) | 19.0 (183) | 18.0 (340) | |
| ≥65 | 10.5 (89) | 12.2 (118) | 11.4 (216) | |
| Education: | ||||
| >12 | 20.0 (184) | 19.5 (186) | 19.7 (370) | 0.772 |
| ≤12 | 80.0 (735) | 80.5 (769) | 80.3 (1504) | |
| Locality Size: | ||||
| >15K | 53.3 (495) | 53.0 (511) | 53.1 (1006) | 0.886 |
| ≤15K | 46.7 (434) | 47.0 (454) | 46.9 (888) | |
| Income Level: | ||||
| Low | 49.4 (397) | 52.8 (433) | 51.1 (830) | 0.369 |
| Medium | 25.4 (204) | 24.1 (198) | 24.8 (402) | |
| High | 25.2 (203) | 23.0 (189) | 24.1 (392) | |
| BMI: | ||||
| <25 | 28.8 (257) | 42.2 (380) | 35.6 (637) | 0.001 |
| 25–29.9 | 53.9 (480) | 37.6 (338) | 45.7 (818) | |
| ≥30 | 17.3 (154) | 20.2 (182) | 18.8 (336) | |
| Physical Activity: | ||||
| Yes | 29.0 (268) | 21.2 (204) | 25.0 (472) | <0.001 |
| No | 71.0 (655) | 78.8 (758) | 75.0 (1413) | |
| Smoking: | ||||
| Yes | 56.6 (522) | 10.3 (99) | 33.0 (621) | <0.001 |
| No | 43.4 (401) | 89.7 (862) | 67.0 (1263) | |
| Alcohol Consumption: | ||||
| Yes | 13.6 (124) | 5.8 (55) | 9.6 (179) | <0.001 |
| No | 86.4 (785) | 94.2 (901) | 90.4 (1686) | |
| Type 2 Diabetes: | ||||
| Yes | 12.1 (111) | 15.3 (147) | 13.7 (257) | 0.038 |
| No | 87.9 (810) | 84.7 (811) | 86.3 (1621) | |
| Family History: | ||||
| Yes | 28 (258) | 31 (297) | 29.6 (556) | 0.41 |
| No | 72 (664) | 69 (661) | 70.4 (1322) |
[i] Abbreviations: N – number; Y – Year; K – Thousands; BMI – Body Mass Index.
Table 2
Demographic and health behavioral factors associated with men and women with or without diabetes.
| Factors | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Without Diabetes | With Diabetes | Without Diabetes | With Diabetes | |
| % (N = 810) | % (N = 111) | % (N = 811) | % (N = 147) | |
| Age (Y): | ||||
| 21–49 | 79.6 (645) | 22.5 (25) | 78.9 (640) | 14.3 (21) |
| 50–64 | 14.2 (115) | 35.1 (39) | 15.5 (126) | 38.1 (56) |
| ≥65 | 6.2 (50) | 42.3 (47) | 5.5 (45) | 47.6 (70) |
| Education: | ||||
| >12 | 21.4 (171) | 11.7 (13) | 22.7 (182) | 2.0 (3) |
| ≤12 | 78.6 (629) | 88.3 (98) | 77.3 (620) | 98.0 (144) |
| Locality Size: | ||||
| >15K | 54.1 (438) | 50.5 (56) | 51.9 (421) | 58.5 (86) |
| ≤15K | 45.9 (372) | 49.5 (55) | 48.1 (390) | 41.5 (61) |
| Income Level: | ||||
| Low | 49.5 (349) | 49.5 (46) | 50.1 (353) | 70.0 (77) |
| Medium | 24.5 (173) | 31.2 (29) | 26.1 (184) | 10.9 (12) |
| High | 26.0 (183) | 19.4 (18) | 23.8 (168) | 19.1 (21) |
| BMI: | ||||
| <25 | 29.3 (228) | 25.5 (27) | 46.2 (351) | 19.5 (26) |
| 25–29.9 | 54.2 (421) | 50.9 (54) | 37.9 (288) | 36.8 (49) |
| ≥30 | 16.5 (128) | 23.6 (25) | 15.9 (121) | 43.6 (56) |
| Physical Activity: | ||||
| Yes | 31.1 (250) | 15.3 (17) | 24.7 (200) | 2.7 (4) |
| No | 68.9 (554) | 84.7 (4) | 75.3 (609) | 97.3 (142) |
| Smoking: | ||||
| Yes | 57.6 (463) | 48.6 (54) | 10.4 (84) | 9.6 (14) |
| No | 42.4 (341) | 51.4 (57) | 89.6 (724) | 90.4 (132) |
| Alcohol Consumption: | ||||
| Yes | 15.0 (119) | 3.7 (4) | 6.7 (54) | 0.7 (1) |
| No | 85.0 (675) | 96.3 (105) | 93.3 (749) | 99.3 (145) |
| Family History: | ||||
| Yes | 25.9 (210) | 46.2 (51) | 27.6 (224) | 49.7 (73) |
| No | 74.1 (600) | 53.8 (60) | 72.4 (587) | 50.3 (74) |
[i] Abbreviations: N – number; Y – Year; K – Thousands; BMI – Body Mass Index.
Table 3
Results of the multivariate analysis for diabetes.
| Factors | Crude | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age group (Y): | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 21–49 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 50–64 | 11.01 (7.54–16.07) | <0.001 | 8.41 (5.37–13.19) | <0.001 |
| ≥65 | 34.40 (23.06–51.31) | <0.001 | 32.58 (19.71–53.83) | <0.001 |
| BMI: | <0.001 | 0.006 | ||
| <25 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 25–29.9 | 1.58 (1.12–2.25) | 0.009 | 1.15 (0.73–1.82) | 0.553 |
| ≥30 | 3.64 (2.50–5.30) | <0.001 | 2.11 (1.27–3.49) | 0.004 |
| Physical Activity: | <0.001 | 0.046 | ||
| Yes | 1 | 1 | ||
| No | 4.35 (2.75–6.88) | <0.001 | 1.82 (1.01–3.29) | 0.046 |
| Smoking: | 0.018 | 0.075 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.70 (0.52–0.94) | 0.018 | 1.44 (0.94–2.17) | 0.075 |
| Family history: | <0.001 | 0.023 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 4.33 (2.78–7.21) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.04 – 2.46) | 0.023 |
| Income: | 0.016 | 0.920 | ||
| (high) | 1 | 1 | ||
| (medium) | 1.03 (0.65–1.64) | 0.889 | 0.89 (0.50–1.58) | 0.697 |
| (low) | 1.58 (1.08–2.31) | 0.020 | 0.97 (0.60–1.17) | 0.892 |
| Alcohol Consumption: | <0.001 | 0.064 | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.16 (0.07–0.40) | <0.001 | 0.40 (0.15–1.06) | 0.064 |
| Education: | <0.001 | 0.079 | ||
| >12 | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤12 | 4.27 (2.54–7.19) | <0.001 | 1.82 (0.93–3.58) | 0.079 |
| Locality Size: | 0.540 | 0.302 | ||
| >15K | 1 | 1 | ||
| ≤15K | 0.92 (0.71–1.20) | 0.541 | 1.22 (0.84–1.77) | 0.302 |
[i] Abbreviations: N – number; Y – Year; K – Thousands; BMI – Body Mass Index.