Conservation status, crop damage and distribution of the Hog Deer (Axis porcinus Zimmermann, 1780) in Galle District, Sri Lanka

Hog Deer (Axis porcinus), the rarest of Sri Lanka’s four deer species, is listed as Critically Endangered (CR) in the 2012 National Red List of Sri Lanka. Despite its status, the species has been studied very little within the country. This study, therefore, seeks to evaluate the current conservation status of the Hog Deer in the Galle District. The research was conducted over the course of one year, from December 1st, 2021 to December 1st, 2022. A total of 246 randomly selected participants from seven divisional secretariats in the Galle District were surveyed using a questionnaire. Recent observations recorded 306 adult Hog Deer and 22 fawns. Over a span of one and a half years, 27 injured and disabled Hog Deer were brought to the Hiyare Biodiversity Education and Research Center. They are restricted to human-modified landscapes, which they utilize on a seasonal basis. The survey documented 175 confirmed Hog Deer locations. Their habitat is limited to a small region in the Galle District, between the Bentota and Gin rivers. Hog Deer is known to cause damage to three crop types: Cinnamomum verum, Oryza sativa, and various vegetables, with Cinnamomum verum being the most frequently damaged plant. However, both the questionnaire survey and crop damage assessments indicated that the damage to cinnamon was minimal. The Hog Deer face significant threats within their range in the Galle District. Therefore, community-based conservation programs, along with institutional involvement, are essential for ensuring the survival of this charismatic species in its last remaining stronghold.