Philosophical Approaches to Qualitative Research (Positivism, Phenomenological Approach & Critical Social Sciences)

This article delves into the philosophical underpinnings and methodological frameworks of positivism, phenomenology and critical sociology as they apply to the study of human behaviour within the social sciences. Originating from distinct historical contexts, these approaches offer contrasting perspectives on knowledge construction and interpretation. Positivism rooted in empirical observation and the scientific method seeks to uncover universal laws governing human behavior through systematic data collection and analysis. In contrast, phenomenology emphasizes the subjective experiences and meanings individuals attribute to their social interactions advocating for an inductive approach that prioritizes understanding over explanation. Critical sociology, drawing from critical theory critiques positivist and phenomenological approaches for their perceived limitations in addressing power dynamics, social inequalities and the complexities of social structures. This synthesizes these perspectives, highlighting their contributions and limitations in advancing the understanding of human behavior and societal dynamics. It underscores the importance of adopting multiple methodological approaches in sociology to enrich our comprehension of diverse social phenomena and to foster a more inclusive and critical examination of social reality.