rGO and carbon black embedded positive electrode for lead-acid battery

Lead acid battery has long been recognized as a versatile cost-effective energy storage solution for applications, including automotive, renewable energy integration, and telecommunications. The present research aims to investigate the impact of specific additives such as carbon black and reduced graphene oxide on the positive electrode of lead oxide batteries. To assess the performance of lead oxide batteries, the electrode material is formulated by combining lead oxide, lead dioxide, and additives at appropriate ratios and characterized using XRD and SEM. The discharge capacity of each positive electrode is investigated using a two-electrode cell and results were compared with a similar commercial cell. When the rGO or carbon black ratio of the positive electrode is 0.4% (w/w), the respective discharge capacities of the battery were 276.4mAh and 243.68mAh which is well above the discharge capacity of a commercial battery under similar conditions. In addition, the respective voltage drops of the battery with each rGO and carbon black were 0.22V and 0.30 V which is significantly less than that of a similar commercial battery (1.07V). In addition, a stable capacity was observed in the rGO based battery during the chargedischarge cycling. These findings highlight the potential of rGO and carbon black as additives in improving the electrochemical performance of lead-acid batteries.