Comparison of Blood Flow Characteristics of Gold and Graphene Nanoparticles in a Stenosed Artery using Optimal Homotopy Analysis Method

This study compares the fluid characteristics of human blood when Au (gold) and graphene nanoparticles are injected into the blood through under the assumptions of stenosed arteries. Many researchers have analyzed the nature of the human blood when only Au nanoparticles are injected into the blood through stenosed arteries. This novel work compares how the blood fluid behaves in two separate cases, injecting graphene and gold nanoparticles into the fluid. The governing boundary layer equations along with the boundary conditions, are converted into dimensionless form by using appropriate similarity transformations. The resulting system of ODEs is solved using the Optimal Homotopy Analysis Method (OHAM). The results reveal the accuracy of OHAM with higher-order approximations with minimal errors with the aid of error curves graphically. In addition, the numerical values were obtained for minimum of the squared residual error (𝜀_𝑚) and the corresponding optimal convergence control parameter values to convey the accuracy of the method. When increasing the order of approximation, the value of minimum square residual error of the differential equation system decreased. The results are obtained to compare the influence of various parameters, such as Prandtl number, nanoparticle volume fraction, and blood flow parameter on fluid temperature and velocity profiles of the fluid when gold and graphene nanoparticles are contained in the fluid separately. Furthermore, the numerical results obtained for physical quantities were compared with previous research works to validate present results. The outcomes of this present work are applicable in biomedical applications especially in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis when choosing the nanoparticle for various situations appropriately.