Analytical Techniques for the Detection and Characterization of Microplastics: an Overview

Microplastic pollution is one of the most severe global challenges faced in the present world. The discharge of plastic products into the environment causes catastrophic damage to the aquatic, atmospheric, and soil systems. Further, plastics accumulating from urban and stormwater runoff, littering, improper waste disposal and management, industrial activities, and illegal dumping are several causes related to the increase in pollution of microplastics. Alarmingly, thousands of tons of microplastics are detected annually, which leads to numerous environmental and health hazards. Therefore, this study provides an overview of the state-of-the-art methods for identifying microplastics, along with their classifications and sources that can facilitate advanced monitoring capabilities. Analytical methods, including visual observation, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS), were reviewed, along with supporting studies. All in all, a research gap in analytical equivalence and standardization was identified, and hence, this review recommends establishing novel standards for analytical methods in detecting microplastics.