Integration of Green Spaces in Urban Mobility Infrastructure: A Review of Co-Benefits for Climate, Biodiversity, and Pollution Mitigation

The Triple Planetary Crisis (TPC) of climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution currently plagues the world, and urban mobility infrastructure is a major contributor to these issues. Although there is heightened interest in incorporating green infrastructure into transport corridors, there remains a limited understanding of how mobility-related green infrastructure addresses all three domains simultaneously, particularly in rapidly urbanising cities. Therefore, to bridge this gap, this study conducted a systematic literature review using Boolean keyword searches in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, examining 40 research articles published between 2015 and 2025. Considering climate change, road infrastructure accounted for 80% of the green space typologies examined, whereas pollution and biodiversity loss accounted for 60% and 40%, respectively. Pedestrian areas comprise two domains, whereas other mobility typologies are limited to a single domain. The highest frequency of papers discussed the integration of trees, woody plants, and conifers into road infrastructure to mitigate pollution. Critical geographic gaps were exposed, showing that the United Kingdom (25%) and China (20%) dominated the literature, while other rapidly urbanising regions were underrepresented. The results highlight the necessity of cross-domain approaches to transform urban mobility systems into multifunctional infrastructures that contribute to planetary health.