Comparative Study on Grade Separation Crossings among Pedestrians in Different Locations in Kandy Municipality Area

Cities are increasingly prioritising pedestrian amenities and urban rehabilitation to address the global issue of road accidents, which claim over 1.35 million lives annually, predominantly in low- and middle-income countries. Sri Lanka faces significant pedestrian safety challenges, with over 100 deaths and 1,000 injuries annually at pedestrian crossings. Grade-separated crossings offer promise in reducing pedestrian collisions and traffic congestion; however, the current pedestrian facilities in Sri Lanka are inadequate. This case study focuses on enhancing future urban designs and infrastructure by evaluating grade-separated crossings in the Kandy municipality. Kandy's unique road traffic characteristics make it an ideal study area. This study examined two underpasses and two overpasses across different urban contexts using on-site observations and questionnaire surveys. Criteria-based assessments and statistical analyses (including chi-square and V-creamer’s tests) were used to identify the factors influencing pedestrians' choice of crossing facility. Research in the Kandy municipality found overpasses (73.5%-75.0% usage)  to be more effective than underpasses (21.2%-57.1%), addressing user concerns about security, hygiene, and aesthetics. The key factors influencing pedestrian use included ventilation, lighting, crossing time, comfort, and accessibility. Penalties were the most effective incentive, followed by security measures and centre median barriers. Demographic factors such as sex, age, and health significantly influenced pedestrian decisions. Insights inform city planners and policymakers to improve infrastructure design.