Optimising Multimodal Integration: Global Best Practices for Seamless Connectivity and Their Applicability in Sri Lanka

Multimodal integration enhances public transport usage, thereby reducing traffic congestion, which is particularly suitable in Sri Lanka. However, the fragmented ownership of public transport and the lack of coordination between different transport service providers make it difficult to implement this concept. This study aims to identify the best global practices and prioritise them for the Sri Lankan context, focusing on the Kandy Multimodal Transit Terminal (KMTT) as a case study for implementing multimodal integration. A qualitative and quantitative mixed-methods approach is used, including a literature review, case study analysis, and structured expert interviews, to identify the best global practices that other countries have used to implement multimodal integration and rank them according to importance and urgency based on their suitability to Sri Lanka's unique transport system. The mixed-method approach increases the accuracy of the provided practices. The analysis provided a model of the integration ladder based on the Important–Urgent matrix to implement multimodal integration step-by-step to achieve seamless transport and ensure better connectivity, accessibility, and efficiency.