Sun Protection Formulation Development from Pyrrosia heterophylla and Pyrrosia lanceolata Leaves

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can lead to detrimental effects on human skin, such as sunburn, premature aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer. Utilizing sun protection products is essential to mitigate these harmful effects. However, many of the sun protection products on the market contain synthetic chemicals, which may pose health risks with prolonged use. Pyrrosia heterophylla and Pyrrosia lanceolata are two ferns known for their traditional medicinal uses. It is used as a natural alternative for effective sun protection formulations in traditional medicine. Therefore, this study investigates the sunscreen activity of extracts from P. heterophylla and P. lanceolata, aiming to develop a natural and effective sun protection formulation. Plant leaves were collected and sequentially extracted into hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol, and plant extracts with highest yield were used to prepare a concentration series of 156.25 to 5000 μg/mL. The SPF value of each extract was calculated, and toxicity was determined using brine shrimp lethality assay. The extract with the highest activity and the lowest toxicity was used for the development of herbal sunscreen. The cream was evaluated for its stability, pH, viscosity and spreadability. According to the results, ethanol extracts of both plants exhibit significant sun protection factor (SPF) values, with P. heterophylla showing the highest SPF of 41.99 ± 2.00 at 5000 μg/mL concentration, while P. lanceolata demonstrated an SPF value of 40.55 ± 2.00 at the same concentration. The lowest toxicity was observed for P. heterophylla with a LC50 value of 2677 μg/mL in brine shrimp assay which was chosen for sunscreen development. Stable cream formulations created, achieving SPF values exceeding 15, with a maximum SPF of 30.90 ± 0.2 at a concentration of 5000 μg/mL. These formulations maintain stable pH levels and exhibit favorable spreadability and viscosity. The results underscore the potential of herbal extracts from P. heterophylla and P. lanceolata in natural sunscreen applications, providing significant sun protection without adverse effects. This research contributes to the advancement of environmentally friendly skincare alternatives, highlighting the need for continued exploration and innovation in natural sun protection solutions.