Advances in polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production by halophilic microorganisms: phylogeny, biosynthesis, and biotechnology for sustainable applications: A review

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are biodegradable polymers produced by various microorganisms as intracellular storage compounds. Among other PHA-producing microorganisms, halophiles are considered a promising PHA producer due to their unique metabolic capabilities and adaptability to extreme conditions. Halophiles are also a promising approach to sustainable and cost-effective PHA production, which uses low-cost substrates and simplified bioprocessing conditions. This review explores the phylogenetic diversity of halophiles, the biotechnological advancement in their cultivation, the factors that influence PHA production, and the methods used to detect, extract, and characterize PHAs from halophiles, highlighting opportunities in optimizing PHA production. By studying these aspects, this review focuses on providing a comprehensive understanding of the potential of halophiles in bio-plastic production and their role in reducing plastic waste pollution.