A comprehensive review of coconut liquid endosperm (Cocos nucifera L.): Composition, physicochemical characteristics, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and applications in microbial and tissue culture media

Coconut (Cocos nucifera. L) endosperm, particularly in its liquid form, commonly known as coconut water, is gaining attention due to its diverse composition and potential applications in microbial and tissue culture media. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the composition and characteristics of coconut water, emphasizing its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties relevant to microbial and tissue culture applications. The composition of coconut water, including sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, phytochemicals, enzymes, and phytohormones, has been reviewed. These components vary based on factors such as coconut varieties, growing conditions, and maturity stages. Furthermore, the review explores the antimicrobial attributes of coconut water, suggesting its potential as a viable substitute for conventional culture media in microbial growth. Coconut water can be used in callus production and shoot regeneration in tissue culture due to plant growth-promoting factors such as auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. The significance of coconut water as a valuable resource for developing effective and sustainable microbial and tissue culture media, while also identifying avenues for further research and application development in this field.