From Knowledge to Industry: South Korea’s University–Industry Collaboration Models and Their Implications for Technology-driven Transformation in the Electronics Sector of Sri Lanka

South Korea's transformation from a technology imitator into a global leader in the electronics industry was underpinned by mission-oriented university–industry collaboration (UIC) integrated into national innovation policy. The objective of this study is to analyse South Korea's UIC models, particularly the mechanisms that facilitated knowledge transfer, commercialisation, and industrial upgrading and to assess their applicability to Sri Lanka's electronics sector. Methodologically, this study adopts a desk-based, qualitative approach, synthesising secondary data from peer-reviewed literature, policy documents, institutional reports, and case studies of leading Korean universities and electronics companies. A comparative lens is applied to examine similarities and divergences between the Korean and Sri Lankan contexts, with attention to policy alignment, institutional capacity, and industrial needs. The findings highlight five core enablers of South Korea's UIC success: (1) targeted government funding and long-horizon R&D programs; (2) problem-driven consortia linking universities, firms, and public agencies; (3) university-led innovation cluster development supported by science parks and shared infrastructure; (4) human-capital pipelines through curriculum–industry alignment, internships, and co-op placements; and (5) professionalized technology-transfer systems with standardized IP management and revenue sharing. In contrast, Sri Lanka's UIC landscape is characterised by fragmented policy support, limited industry engagement, weak commercialisation pathways, and underdeveloped technology-transfer offices. The analysis suggests that adapting Korea's integrated, ecosystem-based approach could strengthen Sri Lanka's capacity for innovation-driven growth in electronics. Recommended strategies include the establishment of problem-driven research consortia, investment in shared testing and certification facilities, standardised IP frameworks, and expanded co-op programs to bridge skill gaps. Additionally, aligning UIC initiatives with national priority niches and regional market demands, such as power electronics, embedded systems, IoT applications, and EMS upgrading, could create scalable pathways for industrial advancement. Ultimately, adapting South Korea's UIC models can help Sri Lanka strengthen university–industry ties, boost commercialisation, and build a sustainable, export-driven electronics sector.