Ectoparasites in domestic animals of Udunuwara Divisional Secretariat, Central Province, Sri Lanka: First record of rabbit and bird mites

Pets and livestock host a diverse range of ectoparasites, posing significant health concerns. This study investigated the types of ectoparasites found in domestic animals, along with the socio-ecological factors influencing infestations in households within the Udunuwara Divisional Secretariat Division, Central Province, Sri Lanka. Ectoparasites were collected from 151 animals, including dogs, cats, cattle, rabbits, goats, domestic fowls, turkeys, pigeons, lovebirds, and buffalo, across 42 Grama Niladhari divisions. The collection comprised of 13 species of ticks (n=311), 11 species of lice (n=196), two species of fleas (n=256), and mites (n=17). The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (30%) was the most abundant tick species, followed by Rhipicephalus sanguineus (29%) and Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides (17%). Among the louse species, Menacanthus stramineus (28%) was the most abundant, followed by Damalinia caprae (15%) and Lipeurus caponis (14%). The dog flea Ctenocephalides canis (82%) was the most abundant, followed by Damalinia caprae (15%) and Lipeurus caponis (14%). The dog flea Ctenocephalides canis (82%) was the most abundant, while Ctenocephalides felis was found in both cats and dogs. The rabbit fur mite: Leporacarus gibbus and another two Analgoidae mites were recorded from rabbits, domestic fowls, and lovebirds, respectively, with rabbit mites being a first-time report in Sri Lanka. A univariate logistic regression analysis showed contributing socio-ecological factors, such as poor sanitation, proximity to wild animals, and cohabitation of pets and livestock. Household members’ limited awareness of ectoparasites and their zoonotic risks was also noted. These findings emphasize the need for improved sanitation, veterinary services, and public education to manage ectoparasite infestations. Expanding surveys across Sri Lanka could uncover new species and provide further valuable data.