Endemic plants of Uttarakhand (India): Their distribution, phytoetymological assessment and conservation

Analyzing the distribution of narrowly endemic plant species can uncover key ecological patterns, and provide essential insights for guiding conservation efforts. This study provides an updated inventory of endemic angiosperms of Uttarakhand in India derived from a comprehensive literature review alongside phytoetymological analysis and evaluation of species diversity and conservation status. Findings reveal 45 endemic taxa in Kumaon as well as in Garhwal, and 11 species in both regions, with a total of 101 endemic species across 71 genera within Uttarakhand. The variation in endemic species composition between the two regions reflects distinct species-specific biotic and abiotic factors influencing each area. The genera, Berberis L. and Impatiens Riv. ex L., contribute to seven endemic species, indicating significant diversity within these groups as compared to others. The 2,000–4,000 m elevational range is recognized as a zone of high endemic species diversity, likely resulting from favorable climatic conditions, limited anthropogenic disturbance, and its historical as well as ongoing role in speciation and diversification processes.  This research examines the naming trends of endemic plant species in Uttarakhand and elucidates the etymological and cultural meanings embedded in their scientific nomenclature. The phytoetymological assessment reveals that species epithets mainly honour individuals (42), reference places (35), describe morphological traits (19), or reflect resemblances (5). Conservation assessments categorize 52 taxa as Vulnerable, 8 as Critically Endangered, and 6 as Endangered. The study identifies 13 species as Data Deficient due to a lack of information and 18 species that remain unassessed, highlighting the need for future research on the population dynamics of these endemic plants.