References
- De Pasquale F, Della Penna S, Snyder AZ, Marzetti L, Pizzella V, Romani GL, Corbetta M. A cortical core for dynamic integration of functional networks in the resting human brain. Neuron. 2012; 74(4): 753-764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2012.03.031 PMid:22632732 PMCid:PMC3361697
- Sharma K, Assefa D, Ha S, Nile H, Le ET, Park SW. Temperature-dependent studies on the total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant activities, and sugar content in six onion varieties. Journal of Food and Drug Analy-sis.2015; 23(2): 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.10.005 PMid:28911379 PMCid:PMC9351770
- Das UN. Arachidonic acid in health and disease with focus on hypertension and diabetes mellitus: A re-view. Journal of Advanced Research. 2018; 11: 43-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2018.01.002 PMid:30034875 PMCid:PMC6052660
- Seyed M, Elodemi M Photosensitizing Herbs as Potential Therapeutics: A Prospective Insights into their Mechanisms for the Development of Novel Drug Leads in War with Cancer and Other Human Diseases. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2024; 12(2): Ahead of Print. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2024.11883. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2024.11883
- Seyed MA. A comprehensive review on Phyllanthus derived natural products as potential chemotherapeu-tic and immunomodulators for a wide range of human diseases. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnolo-gy. 2019; 17:529-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.01.008
- Ali-Seyed M, Vijayaraghavan K. Nutraceuticals for Wound Healing: A Special Focus on Chromolaena odo-rata as Guardian of Health with Broad Spectrum of Biological Activities. Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Med-icine. 2019; 541-562. DOI:10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_36 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04624-8_36
- Omonkhelin, Nworgu A, Buniyamin I, Paul O, Owolabi J, Zuleikha N . Evaluation of the oxytocic activity of the ethanol extract of the roots of Alchornea cordifolia. International Journal of Green Pharmacy. 2010; 4(4):247-255. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-8258.74133
- Newman DJ, Cragg GM. Natural products as sources of new drugs over the nearly four decades from 01/1981 to 09/2019. Journal of Natural Products. 2020; 83(3): 770-803. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b01285 PMid:32162523
- Nair R, Chanda S. Antibacterial activity of Psoralea corylifolia L. seed and aerial parts with various extrac-tion methods. Research Journal of Microbiology. 2011; 6(2):124-131. Consumer No01064035103 https://doi.org/10.3923/jm.2011.124.131
- Singh R, Sharma S, Sharma V. Comparative and quantitative analysis of antioxidant and scavenging poten-tial of Indigofera tinctoria Linn. extracts. Journal of Integrative Medicine. 2015; 13(4): 269-278. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-4964(15)60183-2 PMid:26165372
- Ali-Seyed M, Vijayaraghavan K. Dengue virus infections and anti-dengue virus activities of Andrographis paniculata. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 2020; 13(2): 49-55. https://doi.org/10.4103/1995-7645.275412
- Krishnaraju AV, Rao TVN, Sundararajua D, Vanisreeb M, Tsayb HS, Subbarajua GV. Assessment of bioac-tivity of Indian medicinal plants using brine shrimp (Artemia salina) lethality assay. International Journal of Applied Science and Engineering. 2005; 2(1): 125-134.
- Kong JM, Goh NK, Chia LS, Chia TF). Recent advances in traditional plant drugs and orchids. Acta Phar-macologica Sinica. 2003; 24(1):7-21.
- World Health Organization (WHO). Regional Office for South-East Asia.: Traditional herbal remedies for primary health care.2020; WHO Regional Office for South-East Asia.https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/206024
- Dias DA, Urban S, Roessner U. A Historical Overview of Natural Products in Drug Discovery. Metabolites. 2012; 2(2):303-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo2020303 PMid:24957513 PMCid:PMC3901206
- Katiyar C, Kanjilal S, Gupta A, Katiyar S. Drug discovery from plant sources: An integrated approach. An International Quarterly Journal of Research in Ayurveda. 2012; 33(1): 10-19. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.100295 PMid:23049178 PMCid:PMC3456845
- Sasidharan S, Chen Y, Saravanan D, Sundram K, Latha L. Extraction, isolation and characterization of bio-active compounds from plants’ extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2011; 8(1): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v8i1.60483
- Konan K, David N, Justin N, Lydie B, Souleymane M, Francis Y. Hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant activity of Olax subscorpioidea Oliv. (Olacaceae) and Distemonathus benthamianus Baill. (Caesalpinia-ceae). Pharmacognosy Magazine. 2015; 11(41): 111-116. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1296.149723 PMid:25709219 PMCid:PMC4329609
- Atanasov AG, Zotchev SB, Dirsch VM, Supuran CCT. Natural products in drug discovery: advances and opportunities. Nature Review Drug Discovery. 2021; 20: 200-216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-020-00114-z PMid:33510482 PMCid:PMC7841765
- Chevalier G, Sinatra ST, Oschman JL, Sokal K, Sokal P. Earthing: health implications of reconnecting the human body to the earth’s surface electrons. Journal of Environmental and Public Health. 2012; 20(12): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/291541 PMid:22291721 PMCid:PMC3265077
- Houghton C, Casey D, Shaw D, Murphy K. Rigour in qualitative case-study research. Nurse Research-er.2013; 20 (4): 12-17. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2013.03.20.4.12.e326 PMid:23520707
- Gnanasekaran G, Murthy GVS. Epitypification of Andrographis Alata (Acanthaceae). Telopea: Journal of Plant Systematics. 2015; 18: 165-166. https://doi.org/10.7751/telopea8903. https://doi.org/10.7751/telopea8903
- Balu, S. and C. Alagesaboopathi. Anti-inflammatory activities of some species of Andrographis Wall. (Ac-anthaceae). Ancient Science of Life. 1993; 13(1/2):180-184.
- Balu AM, Rincón E, Luque R, Serrano L. Mechanochemical extraction of antioxidant phenolic compounds from Mediterranean and medicinal Laurus nobilis: A comparative study with other traditional and green novel techniques. Industrial Crops and Products. 2019; 141(7): 111805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111805
- Yasothkumar N, Sankaralingam S. Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographis alata (Vahl) Nees. Journal of. Drug Delivery and Therapeutics. 2024; 11(3):41-42. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i3.4713
- Gamble JS. Flora of the presidency of Madras. Botanical Survey of India. Calcutta. 1956; 2:1049.
- Damu AG, Jayaprakasam B, Gunasekar D. A new flavone 2’-glucoside from Andrographis alata. Jurnal of Asian Natural Product Research. 1998a; 1:133-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286029808039855 PMid:11261214
- Damu AG, Jayaprakasam B, Rao KV, Gunasekar D. A flavones glycoside from Andrographis alata. Phyto-chemistry. 1998b; 49:1811-1813. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00342-2 PMid:11711108
- Das B, Ramu R, Rao YK, Reddy MR, Harish H, Reddy VS, Ramakrishna KVS. Acylated 5, 7, 2’, 6’-oxygenated flavone glycosides from Andrographis alata. Phytochemistry. 2006; 67:978-983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.03.003 PMid:16624351
- Dalawai D, Aware C, Jadhav JP, Murthy HN. RP-HPLC analysis of diterpene lactones in leaves and stem of different species of Andrographis. Natural Product Research. 2019; 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1662004 PMid:31496277
- Kapil A, Koul IB, Banerjee SK, Gupta BD. Antihepatotoxic effects of major diterpenoid constituents of Andrographis paniculata. Biochemistry Pharmacology. 1993; 46:182-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-2952(93)90364-3 PMid:8347130
- Batkhuu JK, Hattori K, Takano F, Fushiya S, Oshiman K, Fjujimiya Y . Suppression of NO production in activated macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by neoandrographolide from Andrographis paniculata. Biology Pharmacology Bulletin. 2002; 25:1174-1174. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.25.1169 PMid:12230111
- Murugan NA, Pandian CJ, Jeyakanthan J. Computational investigation on Andrographis paniculata phyto-chemicals to evaluate their potency against SARS-CoV-2 in comparision to known antiviral compounds in drug trails. Journal of Biomolecule Structure Dynamics. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1777901 PMid:32543978 PMCid:PMC7309306
- Neeraja C, Hari Krishna P, Sudhakar Redd C, Giri CC, Rao KV, Reddy VD. Distribution of Androgrpahis species in different districts of AndhraPradesh. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences India, Section B: Biological Sciences. 2015; 85:601-606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-014-0364-1
- Okhuarobo A, Falodun JE, Erharuyi O, Imieje V, Falodun A, Langer P. Harnessing the medicinal properties of Andrographis paniculata for diseases and beyond: a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Diseases. 2014; 4(3):213-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60509-0
- Abdallah EM, Alhatlani BY, de Paula Menezes R, Martins CHG. Back to Nature: Medicinal Plants as Promising Sources for Antibacterial Drugs in the Post-Antibiotic Era. Plants. 2023; 12(17):3077. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173077 PMid:37687324 PMCid:PMC10490416
- Sivaperumal R, Ramya S, Veera AR, Rajasekaran C, Jayakumari R. Ethnopharmacological studies on the medicinal plants used by tribal inhabitants of Kottur Hills, Dharmapuri, Tamilnadu, India. Environ W Int J Sci Tech. 2010; 5(3): 57-64.
- Sangameswaran B, Ilango K. Evaluation anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidaemic activities of An-drographis lineata Nees on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Jordan J Biol Sci. 2010; 3: 83-86.
- Sangameswaran B, Vaijayanthimala P, Sakthipriya M. In vitro anti-arthritic activity of Cissus quadrangu-laris stem extract. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 2019; 12(1): 250-255.https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2019.v12i1.27353
- Perumalsamy R, Ignacimuthu S. Antibacterial activity of some folklore medicinal plants used by tribals in Western Ghats of India. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2000; 69(3): 63-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00156-1 PMid:10661885
- Sharma B, Sharma UK. Hepatoprotective activity of some indigenous plants. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research.2009; 4(3):1330-1334.
- Dhiman M, Lakshika S, Abhishek D, Poonam D, Sharma MM. Traditional knowledge to contemporary medication in the treatment of infectious disease dengue: A review. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022; 13(2): 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.750494 PMid:35359838 PMCid:PMC8963989
- Hossain MS, Urbi Z, SuleA, Rahman KMH. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: A review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. The Scientific World Journal. 2014; 20(4):1-28. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/274905 PMid:25950015 PMCid:PMC4408759
- Dai Y, Chen SR, Chai L, Zhao J, Wang Y, Wang, Y. Overview of pharmacological activities of Androgra-phis paniculata and its major compound andrographolide. Critical Review in Food Science and Nutrition. 2019; 59(1): S17-S29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1501657 PMid:30040451
- Lu J, Ma Y, Wu J, Huang H, Wang H, Wang X, Chen Z, Chen J, He H, Huang C. A review for the neuro-protective effects of andrographolide in the central nervous system. Biomedical Pharmacotherapy. 2019; 117:109078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109078 PMid:31181444
- Kadapatti SS, Murthy HN. Rapid plant regeneration, analysis of genetic fidelity, and neoandrographolide content of micropropagated plants of Andrographis alata (Vahl) Nees. J Genet Eng Biotechnol. 2021; 19(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00122-5 PMid:33496903 PMCid:PMC7835653
- Afzal S, Abdul Manap AS., Attiq A, Albokhadaim I, Kandeel M, Alhojaily SM. From imbalance to im-pairment: the central role of reactive oxygen species in oxidative stress-induced disorders and therapeutic exploration. Front Pharmacology. 2023; 14: 1269581. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1269581 PMid:37927596 PMCid:PMC10622810
- Arteel G, Beier E. Environmental exposure as a risk-modifying factor in liver diseases known and un-knowns. Acta Pharmaceutica Sin B. 2021; 11(12): 3768-3778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.005 PMid:35024305 PMCid:PMC8727918
- Bharathi VR, Kumudha VB, Jayashree Suseela L. Thirumal, M., Antioxidant and wound healing studies on different extracts of Stereospermum colais leaf. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sci-ences. 2018; 1(4): 435-439.
- Kinnula VL, Regan EA, Mazur W, Meoni E, Toljamo T, Millar J, Vuopala K. Smoking and COPD increase sputum levels of extracellular superoxide dismutase. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2011; 51(3): 726-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.008 PMid:21621610
- Lobo A, Patil A, Phatak V, Chandra N. Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy Review. 2010; 4(8): 118-126. https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-7847.70902 PMid:22228951 PMCid:PMC3249911
- Sas A, Van der Mark M, Nijssen PCG, Vlaanderen J, Huss A, Mulleners WM, Laar T.V, Kromhout H, Ver-meulen, R. A case-control study of the protective effect of alcohol, coffee, and cigarette consumption on Parkinson disease risk: Time-Since-Cessation modifies the effect of tobacco smoking. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(4): e95297. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095297 PMid:24788751 PMCid:PMC4005732
- Singh A, Kumar A, Tewari D. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Terai Forest of western Nepal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 2012; 8(1): 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-8-19 PMid:22591592 PMCid:PMC3473258
- Hyun JK, Park J, Lee BK, Jeong GS, Lee CJ, Lee SH. Three-dimensional brain-on-a-chip with an intersti-tial level of flow and its application as an in vitro model of Alzheimer’s disease. Laboratory on a Chip. 2015; 15(1): 141-150. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4LC00962B PMid:25317977
- Tosun D, Dabbs K, Caplan R, Siddarth P, Toga A, Seidenberg M, Hermann B. Deformation-based mor-phometry of prospective neurodevelopmental changes in new onset pediatric epilepsy. Brain. 2011; 134(4): 1003-1014. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awr027 PMid:21398377 PMCid:PMC3069702
- Kanter M, Sagiroglu T, Yagci MA, Sezer A, Erboga M. Protective effect of curcumin on cyclosporin A-induced endothelial dysfunction, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative damage. Toxicology and Industrial Health. 2012; 30(4): 316-327. https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233712456065 PMid:22903178
- Lee SY, Kim YC, Choi I, Hur SJ, Kim GB. Effect of fermentation on the antioxidant activity in plant-based foods. Food Chemistry. 2014; 160(1): 346-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.03.112 PMid:24799248
- Kim H, Vu TT, Tran VK, Le Dang Q, Nguyen HT, Kim H, Kim JC. In vitro antibacterial activity of select-ed medicinal plants traditionally used in Vietnam against human pathogenic bacteria. BMC Complemen-tary and Alternative Medicine. 2015; 16(1): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1007-2 PMid:26819218 PMCid:PMC4728873
- Borneo R, Aranibar C, Pigni NB, Martínez ML, Aguirre A, Ribotta PD, Wunderlin DA. Influence of the extraction conditions on chia oil quality and partially defatted flour antioxidant properties. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2022; 59(5): 1982-1993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05213-2 PMid:35531402 PMCid:PMC9046508
- Vaou N, Stavropoulou E, Voidarou C, Tsigalou C, Bezirtzoglou E. Towards Advances in Medicinal Plant Antimicrobial Activity: A Review Study on Challenges and Future Perspectives. Microorganisms. 2021; 9(10):2041. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9102041 PMid:34683362 PMCid:PMC8541629
- Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12(4):564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.4.564 PMid:10515903 PMCid:PMC88925
- Thawabteh A, Juma S, Bader M, Karaman D, Scrano L, Bufo SA, Karaman R. The biological activity of natural alkaloids against herbivores, cancerous cells and pathogens. Toxins. 2019; 11(11): 656-660. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110656 PMid:31717922 PMCid:PMC6891610
- Roy A, Saraf S. Ethnomedicinal approach in biological and chemical investigation of phytochemicals as antimicrobials with special emphasis to antibacterials. Pharmaceutical Reviews.2006; 4(1): 1-33.
- Eloff J, Shuping DS. The use of plants to protect plants and food against fungal pathogens: a review. Afri-can Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 2017; 14(4): 120-127. https://doi.org/10.21010/ajtcam.v14i4.14 PMid:28638874 PMCid:PMC5471458
- Gurib-Fakim A, Seebaluck R, Mahomoodally F. Medicinal plants from the genus Acalypha (Euphorbia-ceae): A review of their ethnopharmacology and phytochemistry. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2015; 159(3):137-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.040 PMid:25446604
- Jayakumar T, Hsieh CY, Lee JJ, Sheu JR. Experimental and clinical pharmacology of Andrographis pa-niculata and its major bioactive phytoconstituent Andrographolide. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2013; 1(2): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/846740 PMid:23634174 PMCid:PMC3619690
- Bahmani M, Saki K, Shahsavari S, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Sepahv R, Adineh A. Identification of medicinal plants effective in infectious diseases in Urmia, northwest of Iran. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Bio-medicin. 2015; 5(10): 858-864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.06.004
- Bentham, G.; Hooker, J.D. (1862-1883). Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita (3 vols.). London: L Reeve & Co. Retrieved 24 January 2014. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.747
- Gangaram S, Naidoo Y, Dewir YH, El-Hendawy S. Phytochemicals and Biological Activities of Barleria (Acanthaceae). Plants (Basel). 2021; 11(1):82. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11010082 PMid:35009086 PMCid:PMC8747396
- Venmathi Maran BA, Iqbal M, Gangadaran P, Ahn BC, Rao PV, Shah MD. Hepatoprotective Potential of Malaysian Medicinal Plants: A Review on Phytochemicals, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Mechanisms. Molecules. 2022; 27(5):1533. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051533 PMid:35268634 PMCid:PMC8911738
- Alam N, Nusrat JB, Rafiquzzaman M. Review on in vivo and in vitro methods evaluation of antioxidant activity. Saudi pharmaceutical journal. 2016; 21(2): 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2012.05.002 PMid:24936134 PMCid:PMC4052538
- Khan I, Jan SA, Shinwari ZK, Muhammad Al, Khan Y, Kumar T. Ethnobotany and medicinal uses of folk-lore medicinal plants belonging to family acanthaceae: An updated review. MOJ Biol Med. 2017; 1(2):34-38. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojbm.2017.01.00009
- Intharuksa A, Arunotayanun W, Yooin W, Sirisa-Ard P. A Comprehensive Review of Andrographis panicu-lata (Burm. f.) Nees and Its Constituents as Potential Lead Compounds for COVID-19. Drug Discovery. Molecules. 2022; 27(14):4479. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27144479 PMid:35889352 PMCid:PMC9316804
- Pandey A, Tripathi S. Concept of standardization, extraction, and pre-phytochemical screening strategies for herbal drug. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2014; 2:115-119.
- Altemimi A, Lakhssassi N, Baharlouei A, Watson DG, Lightfoot DA. Phytochemicals: Extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive compounds from plant extracts. Plants. 2017; 6:42. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants6040042 PMid:28937585 PMCid:PMC5750618
- Sofowora A. The present status of knowledge of the plants used in traditional medicine in western Africa: A medical approach and a chemical evaluation. J Ethnopharmacol. 1980; 2:109-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(80)90004-5 PMid:7453197
- Rungsung W, Ratha KK, Dutta S, Dixit AK, Hazra J. Secondary metabolites of plants in drugs discovery. World J Pharm Res. 2015; 4:604-613.
- Liu R, Tang Y, Li X, Zhang B, Chen PX, Tsao R. Characterisation of phenolics, betanins and antioxidant activities in seeds of three Chenopodium quinoa Willd. genotypes. Food Chemistry. 2015; 166: 380-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.06.018 PMid:25053071
- Sun Y, Li H, Deng Z, Liu R, Zhu H, Draves J, Marcone M, Tsao R. Characterization of phenolics, betacya-nins and antioxidant activities of the seed, leaf, sprout, flower and stalk extracts of three Amaranthus spe-cies. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis. 2015; 37: 75-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2014.09.003
- Hollman PCH, Cassidy A, Comte B, Heinonen M, Richelle M, Richling E, Vidry S. The biological rele-vance of direct antioxidant effects of polyphenols for cardiovascular health in humans is not established. The Journal of Nutrition. 2011; 141(5): 989S-1009S. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.110.131490 PMid:21451125
- Lim JCW, Chan TK, Ng DSW, Sagineedu SR, Stansias J, Wong WSF. Andrographolide and its analogues: versatile bioactive molecules for combating inflammation and cancer. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2012; 39:300-310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05633.x PMid:22017767
- Ponphaiboon J, Krongrawa W, Aung WW, Chinatangkul N, Limmatvapirat S, Limmatvapirat C. Advances in Natural Product Extraction Techniques, Electrospun Fiber Fabrication, and the Integration of Experi-mental Design: A Comprehensive Review. Molecules. 2023; 28 (13):5163. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135163 PMid:37446825 PMCid:PMC10343563
- Trease GE, Evans WC. Textbook of pharmacognosy. 13th ed. London, UK; Toronto, Canada; Tokyo, Ja-pan: Bailiere Tindall 1989; 200-201.
- Wallis TE. Textbook of pharmacognosy, Delhi, India: CBS Publishers and Distributors. 1989; 356-549.
- Raaman N. Phytochemical Techniques. New India Publishing Agency. Jai Bharat Printing Press. New Del-hi.2006; 19-22. https://doi.org/10.59317/9789390083404
- Beena P, Rajesh KJ, Arul B. Preliminary phytochemical screening of Cicer arietinum in folklore medicine for hepatoprotection. Journal of Innovative Pharmacology Biological Sciences. 2016; 3:153-159.
- Abubakar AR, Haque M. Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. Journal of Pharmacology Bioallied Sciences. 2020; 12(1):1-10. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_175_19 PMid:32801594 PMCid:PMC7398001
- Gursoy N, Sarikurkcu C, Cengiz M, Solak MH. Antioxidant activities, metal contents, total phenolics and flavonoids of seven Morchella species. Food Chemical Toxicology. 2009; 47(9): 2381-2388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2009.06.032 PMid:19563856
- Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice EC. Antioxidant activity applying an im-proved ABTS radical cation decolourization assay. Free radical biology and Medicine. 1999; 26(1): 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3 PMid:10381194
- Beauchamp C, Fridovich I. Superoxide dismutase: improved assay and an assay applicable to polyacryla-mide gels. Analytical Biochemistry. 1971; 44(3): 276-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(71)90370-8PMid:4943714
- Prieto P, Pineda M, Aguilar M. Spectrophotometric quantitative of antioxidant capacity through the for-mation of a phosphomolybdenum complex: Specific application to the determination of vitamin E. Analyti-cal Biochemistry. 1999; 269(1): 337-341. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1999.4019 PMid:10222007
- Kotzé M, Eloff JN, Houghton PJ. Extraction of antibacterial compounds from Combretum microphyllum (Combretaceae). South African Journal of Botany. 2002; 68(1): 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6299(16)30456-2
- Tendencia EA. Disk diffusion method. In Laboratory manual of standardized methods for antimicrobial sensitivity tests for bacteria isolated from aquatic animals and environment. 2004; Chapter 2, 13-29.
- Magaldi S, Mata S, Hartung C, Verde G, Deibis L, Roldín Y, Marcano C. In vitro susceptibility of 137 Can-dida sp. Isolates from HIV positive patients to several antifungal drugs. Mycopathologia. 2001; 149(2): 63-68. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007237711099 PMid:11265163
- Lin KH, Yeh H, Lin SY, Yang CM, Tsai HJ, Tsai JJ, Chao PY. Antioxidant Activities of Methanol Extracts from Selected Taiwanese Herbaceous Plants. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research. 2014; 2 (8): 435-442. https://doi.org/10.12691/jfnr-2-8-2
- Bauer A, Brönstrup M. Industrial natural product chemistry for drug discovery and development. Natural Product Reports. 2014; 31: 35-60. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NP70058E PMid:24142193
- Sala E, Guasch L, Iwaszkiewicz J, Mulero M, Salvadó MJ, lade C. Identification of human IKK-2 inhibitors of natural origin (Part II): In silico prediction of IKK-2 inhibitors in natural extracts with known anti-inflammatory activity. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2011; 46: 6098-6103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.09.022 PMid:22000921
- Cosa P, Vlietinck AJ, Berghe DV, Maes L. Anti-infective potential of natural products: How to develop a stronger in vitro ‘proof-of-concept. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2006; 106:290-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.003 PMid:16698208
- Wachtel-Galor S, Benzie IFF. Herbal Medicine: An Introduction to Its History, Usage, Regulation, Current Trends, and Research Needs. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal Medicine: Biomolecular and Clinical Aspects. 2nd edition. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011. Chapter 1. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92773/
- Verma K, Singh S. Bio-pesticidal potential of the crude extract of Andrographis paniculata [Burm. F.) Wall ex. Nees] in the agricultural field: A review, Journal of Natural Pesticide Research. 2024; 8:2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.napere.2024.100076 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.napere.2024.100076
- Polash SA, Saha T, Hossain MS, Sarker SR. Investigation of the phytochemicals, antioxidant, and an-timicrobial activity of the Andrographis paniculata leaf and stem extracts. Advances in Bioscience and Bio-technology. 2017; 8(3): 149-162. https://doi.org/10.4236/abb.2017.85012
- Nagajothi S, Mekala P, Raja A, Raja MJ, Senthilkumar P. Andrographis paniculata: qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 2018; 7(4): 1251-1253.
- Hariharan N, Vasan P. In vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of Andrographis paniculata whole plant powder by DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The Pharma Innovation Journal. 2023; 12(5): 3518-3521.
- Tungmunnithum D, Thongboonyou A, Pholboon A, Yangsabai A. Flavonoids and other phenolic com-pounds from medicinal plants for pharmaceutical and medical aspects: an overview. Medicines. 2018; 5(3): 93. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines5030093 PMid:30149600 PMCid:PMC6165118
- Kaurinovic B, Vastag D. Flavonoids and phenolic acids as potential natural antioxidants. Antioxi-dants.2019; 2(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.83731
- Engwa GA. Free radicals and the role of plant phytochemicals as antioxidants against oxidative stress-related diseases. Phytochemicals - Source of Antioxidants and Role in Disease Prevention. 2018; 14(2): 61-73. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.76719
- Karimi E, Oskoueian E, Hendra R, Jaafar HZE. Evaluation of Crocus sativus L. stigma phenolic and flavonoid compounds and its antioxidant activity. Molecules. 2010; 15(9): 6244-6256. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15096244 PMid:20877220 PMCid:PMC6257777
- Gurupriya S, Cathrine L. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of Andrographis echi-oides leaves. International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research. 2021; 11(1): 148-155. https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.1.P148-155
- Adiguna SP, Panggabean JA, Swasono RT, Rahmawati SI., Izzati F, Bayu A, Putra MY, Formisano C, Giuseppina C. Evaluations of Andrographolide-rich fractions of Andrographis paniculate with enhanced po-tential antioxidant, anticancer, antihypertensive, and anti-Inflammatory activities. Plants.2023; 12(1): 1220. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061220 PMid:36986909 PMCid:PMC10052505
- Hassan ZM, Manyelo TG, Selaledi L and Mabelebele M. The effects of tannins in monogastric animals with special reference to alternative feed ingredients. Molecules. 2020; 25(20): 4680. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25204680 PMid:33066367 PMCid:PMC7587385
- Kumar S, Pandey K, Abhay K. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. The Scientific World Journal. 2013; 20(2): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/162750 PMid:24470791 PMCid:PMC3891543
- Kim SK, Kim YT, Byun HG, Nam KS, Joo DS, Shahidi F. Isolation and characterization of antioxida-tive peptides from gelatin hydrolysate of Alaska pollack skin. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry. 2001; 49(4): 1984-1989. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000494j PMid:11308357
- Shilpam S, Raghuwanshi R. Evaluation of phytochemical, antioxidant and reducing activity in whole plant extract of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications. 2020; 2(3): 1-16.
- Garcia EJ, Oldoni TLC, Alencar SM, Loguercio AD, Grande RHM. Antioxidant activity by DPPH as-say of potential solutions to be applied on bleached teeth. Brazilian Dental Journal. 2012; 23(1): 22-27. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-64402012000100004 PMid:22460310
- Rao NK. Anti-hyperglycemic and renal protective activities of Andrographis paniculata roots chloro-form extract. Iran Journal of Pharmacology Therapy. 2006; 5: 47-50.
- Sani YN, Haque M, Suryati K, Mohd KW, Khan A. Isolation and characterisation of andrographolide from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F) wall. Ex nees and its total flavonoid effects from Kemaman. Ma-laysia. International Journal of Pharmacy Quality Assurances. 2017; 8: 119-124. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijpqa.v8i03.9573
- Rajeswari VD, Eed EM, Elfasakhany A, Badruddin I, Kamangar S, Brindhadevi K. Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Laurus nobilis (bay leaf): antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Ap-plied Nanoscience. 2020; 13(3): 1477-1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-02065-2
- Shreya Reddy CS, Ramalingam GD, Selvaraj J, Jothi Priya A. In vitro antioxidant and anti-diabetic analysis of Andrographis echioides and Andrographis paniculata ethanol extract. Bioinformation. 2022; 18(4):337-342. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630018337 PMid:36909701 PMCid:PMC9997502
- Kripasana K, Xavier J. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts of some select-ed plants of the family Acanthaceae. Plant Science Today. 2020; 7(2): 264-274. https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.2.717
- Sawadogo R, Lamien-Meda A, Lamien C, Martin K, Innocent G, Odile N. Phenolic Content and Anti-oxidant Activity of Six Acanthaceae from Burkina Faso. Journal of Biological Sciences. 2006; 6. 10.3923/jbs.2006.249:252. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2006.249.252
- Mussard E, Cesaro A, Lespessailles E, Legrain B, Berteina-Raboin S, Toumi H. Andrographolide, a Natural Antioxidant: An Update. Antioxidants (Basel). 2019; 8(12):571. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8120571 PMid:31756965 PMCid:PMC6943416
- Rajakumar G, Thiruvengadam M, Mydhili G. Green approach for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles from Andrographis paniculata leaf extract and evaluation of their antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti- in-flammatory activities. Bioprocess Biosystem Engineering. 2018; 41(1):21-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-017-1840-9 PMid:28916855
- Jeevanantham K, Zahir Hussain A. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees leaves extracts. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Sciences. 2021; 10(11): 01-15. https://doi.org/10.31032/IJBPAS/2021/10.11.1001
- Kumaran A, Karunakaran, J. In vitro antioxidant activities of methanol extracts of five Phyllanthus species from India. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 2007; 40(2): 344-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2005.09.011
- Eyazul H, Ismet AJ, Hossain H, Nushrat JE, Ram PS, Syed MD, Iqbal M. Comparative studies on anti-oxidant potential of Andrographis paniculata grown in different places of Bangladesh. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research. 2013; 2(4): 252-258.
- Jomova K, Raptova R, Alomar SY, Alwasel SH, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M. Reactive oxygen species, toxicity, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: chronic diseases and aging. Archives of Toxicology. 2023; 97(10):2499-2574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-023-03562-9 PMid:37597078 PMCid:PMC10475008
- Scialò F, Fernández-Ayala DJ, Sanz A. Role of mitochondrial reverse electron transport in ROS signal-ing potential roles in health and disease. Frontiers in Physiology. 2017; 8:1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00428 PMid:28701960 PMCid:PMC5486155
- Seval C, NazlıBökea B, İhsan Y, Süheyla K. A novel glycoside from Acanthus hirsutus (Acanthaceae). Natural Product Communications. 2020; 5(4): 563-566.
- Yassin NA, Ahmad AM. Incidence and Resistotyping Profiles of Bacillus subtilis Isolated from Azadi Teaching Hospital in Duhok City, Iraq. Mater Sociomed. 2012; 24(3):194-197. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2012.24.194-197 PMid:23678324 PMCid:PMC3633405
- Ashurst JV, Dawson A. Klebsiella Pneumonia. [Updated 2023 Jul 20]. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519004/
- Todar K. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics. The microbial world. Lectures in microbiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering. 2012; 7(5): 5-10.
- Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Haapasalo M. Epidemiology and pathogenesis of Bacillus cereus infections. Microbes and Infection. 2000; 2(2): 189-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00269-0 PMid:10742691
- Kirthi AV, Ahmed IA, Sherif SH. Antibacterial activity of the extracts obtained from Eclipta alba. Hassk and Andrographis lineate against human pathogens. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 2010; 3(10): 2529-2532.
- Elangovan K, Elumalai D, Anupriya S, Shenbhagaraman R, Kaleena PK, Murugesan K. Phyto mediat-ed biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Andrographis echioides and its bio-effi-cacy on anticancer and antibacterial activities. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology. 2015; 151(8): 118-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.05.015 PMid:26233711
- Taguri T, Tanaka T, Kouno I. Antibacterial spectrum of plant polyphenols and extracts depending upon hydroxyphenyl structure. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2006; 29(11): 2226-2235. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.2226 PMid:17077519
- Padam BS, Vairappan CS, Tin HS, Abdullah MI, Chye FY. Effect of preparation and extraction param-eters of banana (Musa balbisiana cv. Saba) inflorescence on their antibacterial activities. Sains Malaysiana. 2015; 44(9): 1301-1307. https://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2015-4409-12
- Fostel JM, Lartey PA. Emerging novel antifungal agents. Drug Discovery Today.2000; 5(1): 25-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6446(99)01430-0 PMid:10637546
- Boussina A, Ramesh K, Arora H, Ratadiya P, Nemati S. Differentiation of Fungal, Viral, and Bacterial Sepsis using Multimodal Deep Learning. MedRxiv 2023; 11:2023.04.10.23288378. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.04.10.23288378
- Scorzoni L, de Paula E, Silva AC, Marcos CM, Assato PA, de Melo WC, de Oliveira HC, Costa-Orlandi CB, Mendes-Giannini MJ, Fusco-Almeida AM. Antifungal Therapy: New Advances in the Under-standing and Treatment of Mycosis. Front Microbiology. 2017; 8:36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00036 PMid:28167935 PMCid:PMC5253656
- de Ullivarri FM, Sara A, Garcia-Gutierrez E, Cotter Paul D. Antifungal Peptides as Therapeutic Agents. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 2020; 10: 2020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2020.00105 PMid:32257965 PMCid:PMC7089922
- Motsei ML, Lindsey KL, Staden J, Jäger AK. Screening of traditionally used South African plants for antifungal activity against Candida albicans. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2003; 86(2-3): 235-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00082-5 PMid:12738093
- Fortes TO, Alviano DS, Tupinambá G, Padrón TS, Antoniolli AR, Alviano CS, Seldin L. Production of an antimicrobial substance against Cryptococcus neoformans by Paenibacillus brasilensis Sa3 isolated from the rhizosphere of Kalanchoe brasiliensis. Microbiological Research. 2008; 163(2): 200-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2006.05.003 PMid:16790336
- Morad HOJ, Wild AM, Wiehr S, Davies G, Maurer A, Pichler BJ, Thornton CR. Pre-clinical imaging of invasive candidiasis using ImmunoPET/MR. Frontiers in Microbiology. 2018; 9: 21-25. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01996 PMid:30190717 PMCid:PMC6115526
- Kwon-Chung KJ, Sugui JA. Aspergillus fumigatus - what makes the species a ubiquitous human fungal pathogen? PLoS Pathogens. 2013; 9(12): e1003743. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1003743 PMid:24348239 PMCid:PMC3857757
- Denning DW, Chakrabarti A (2017). Pulmonary and sinus fungal diseases in non-immunocompromised patients. Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2017; 17(11): e357-e366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30309-2 PMid:28774699
- Hemalatha P, Sivakumar VR, Parimaladevi R, Tilak M. Studies on anti-fungal activity of leaf extracts of Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Scienc-es.2020; 9(10): 3853-3858. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.910.443
- Okhuarobo A, Falodun JE, Erharuyi O, Imieje V, Falodun A, Langer P. Harnessing the medicinal prop-erties of Andrographis paniculata for diseases and beyond: a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacolo-gy. Asian Pacific Journal Trop Diseases. 2014; 4(3):213-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60509-0
