References
- Smolen, J.S.; Aletaha, D.; McInnes, I.B. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2016, 388, 2023-2038. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30173-8 PMid:27156434
- Firestein, G.S. (2003) Evolving concepts of rheumatoid arthritis. Nature 423, 356-361, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01661 PMid:12748655
- Shikhagaie, M.M., Germar, K., Bal, S.M., Ros, X.R. and Spits, H. (2017) Innate lymphoid cells in autoimmunity: emerging regulators in rheumatic diseases. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 13, 164-173, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2016.218 PMid:28148916
- Spolski R, Leonard WJ. Interleukin-21: a double-edged sword with therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13(5):379-95. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4296 PMid:24751819
- Xing, R.; Sun, L.;Wu, D.; Jin, Y.; Li, C.; Liu, X.; Zhao, J. Autoantibodies against interleukin-21 correlate with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Rheumatol. 2018, 37, 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-017-3862-8 PMid:29019047
- Jungel A, Distler JH, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Seemayer CA, Seibl R, Forster A, Michel BA, Gay RE, Emmrich F, Gay S, et al. Expression of interleukin-21 receptor, but not interleukin-21, in synovial fibroblasts and synovial macrophages of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004;50(5):1468-76. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20218 PMid:15146416
- Kwok SK, Cho ML, Park MK, Oh HJ, Park JS, Her YM, Lee SY, Youn J, Ju JH, Park KS, et al. Interleukin-21 promotes osteoclastogenesis in humans with rheumatoid arthritis and in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(3):740-51. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33390 PMid:21968544
- Parrish-Novak, J.; Dillon, S.R.; Nelson, A.; Hammond, A.; Sprecher, C.; Gross, J.A.; Johnston, J.; Madden, K.; Xu, W.; West, J.; et al. Interleukin 21 and its receptor are involved in NK cell expansion and regulation of lymphocyte function. Nature 2000, 408, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1038/35040504 PMid:11081504
- Dinesh, P.; Rasool, M. Multifaceted role of IL-21 in rheumatoid arthritis: Current understanding and future perspectives. J. Cell. Physiol. 2018, 233, 3918-3928. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.26158 PMid:28833093
- Malinowski, D.; Paradowska-Gorycka, A.; Safranow, K.; Pawlik, A. Interleukin-21 gene polymorphism rs2221903 is associated with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arch. Med. Sci. AMS 2017, 13, 1142-1147. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2017.68945 PMid:28883856 PMCid:PMC5575225
- Gharibi, T.; Kazemi, T.; Aliparasti, M.R.; Farhoudi, M.; Almasi, S.; Dehghanzadeh, R.; Seyfizadeh, N.; Babaloo, Z. Investigation of IL-21 gene polymorphisms (rs2221903, rs2055979) in cases with multiple sclerosis of Azerbaijan, Northwest Iran. Am. J. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 2015, 4, 7-14.
- Lan, Y.; Luo, B.; Wang, J.L.; Jiang, Y.W.; Wei, Y.S. The association of interleukin-21 polymorphisms with interleukin-21 serum levels and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Gene 2014, 538, 94-98. Genes 2023, 14, 878 12 of 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.012PMid:24434811
- Zhang, J.; Xiao, W.X.; Zhu, Y.F.; Muhali, F.S.; Xiao, L.; Jiang, W.J.; Shi, X.H.; Zhou, L.H.; Zhang, J.A. Polymorphisms of interleukin- 21 and interleukin-21-receptor genes confer risk for autoimmune thyroid diseases. BMC Endocr. Disord. 2013, 13, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13-26 PMid:23889847 PMCid:PMC3766107
- Carreño-Saavedra NM, Reyes-Pérez IV, Machado-Sulbaran AC, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Ramírez-Dueñas MG, Muñoz-Valle JF, Olaya-Valdiviezo V, García-Iglesias T, Martínez-García EA, Sánchez-Hernández PE.Genes (Basel). IL-21 (rs2055979 and rs2221903)/IL-21R (rs3093301) Polymorphism and High Levels of IL-21 Are Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Mexican Patients.2023 Apr 7;14(4):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes14040878 PMid:37107636 PMCid:PMC10137781
- Hao Y, Xie L, Xia J, Liu Z, Yang B, Zhang M.BMC Musculoskelet Disord. Plasma interleukin-21 levels and genetic variants are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis 2021 Mar 5;22(1):246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04111-0 PMid:33673829 PMCid:PMC7936495
- Daha NA, Kurreeman FA, Marques RB, Stoeken-Rijsbergen G, Verduijn W, Huizinga TW, Toes RE. Confirmation of STAT4, IL2/IL21, and CTLA4 polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(5):1255-60. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.24503 PMid:19404967
- Maiti AK, Kim-Howard X, Viswanathan P, Guillén L, Rojas-Villarraga A, Deshmukh H, Direskeneli H, Saruhan-Direskeneli G, Cañas C, Tobön GJ, et al. Confirmation of an association between rs6822844 at the Il2-Il21 region and multiple autoimmune diseases: evidence of a general susceptibility locus. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62(2):323-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.27222 PMid:20112382 PMCid:PMC3028384
- Louahchi S, Allam I, Raaf N, Berkani L, Boucharef A, Abdessemed A, Khaldoun N, Bahaz N, Ladjouze-Rezig A, Nebbab A, et al. Association of rs6822844 within the KIAA1109/TENR/IL2/IL21 locus with rheumatoid arthritis in the Algerian population. Hla. 2016;87(3):160-4. https://doi.org/10.1111/tan.12757 PMid:26917059
- Ibrahim ME, Shahba AAEM, Mohamed WS, Hazza SME. Interleukin -21 gene RS 2221903 polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis patients. IJARM 2023; 5(2): 09-17. https://doi.org/10.22271/27069567.2023.v5.i2a.472
- Abdelsamea SA, Khashaba RA, Amer AS, khalifa OA, Ameen SG. A study of the Association between Plasma Interleukin-21 Gene Polymorphism and the Susceptibility to Rheumatoid Arthritis in Egyptian Patients. Benha Medical Journal 2024;41(1):94-100. https://doi.org/10.21608/bmfj.2024.265553.2004
- Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Boers M, et al. The American College of Rheumatology preliminary core set of disease activity measures for rheumatoid arthritis clinical trials. The Committee on Outcome Measures in Rheumatoid Arthritis Clinical Trials. Arthritis Rheum 1993; 36: 729-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.1780360601 PMid:8507213
- Humphreys JH, Symmons DP. Post publication validation of the 2010 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis: where do we stand? Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25: 157-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/BOR.0b013e32835cfc41 PMid:23274519
- Trouw, L.A., Pickering, M.C. and Blom, A.M. (2017) The complement system as a potential therapeutic target in rheumatic disease. Nat. Revi. Rheumatol. 2017;13, 538-547. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2017.125 PMid:28794515
- J. Kurkó, T. Besenyei, J. Laki, T. T. Glant, K. Mikecz, and Z. Szekanecz, “Genetics of rheumatoid arthritis-a comprehensive review,” Clinical Reviews in Allergy and Immunology. 2013; 45 (2), 170-179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-012-8346-7 PMid:23288628 PMCid:PMC3655138
- G. J. Tobon, P. Youinou, and A. Saraux, “The environment, geo-epidemiology, and autoimmune disease: rheumatoid arthritis,” Journal of Autoimmunity. 2010; 35(1), 10-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2009.11.019 PMid:19944780
- S. Viatte, D. Plant, and S. Raychaudhuri, “Genetics and epigenetics of rheumatoid arthritis,” Nature Reviews Rheumatology. 2013;9(3),141-153. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2012.237 PMid:23381558 PMCid:PMC3694322
- McInnes, I.B. and Schett, G. Pathogenetic insights from the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet (London, England). 2017;389, 2328-2337. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31472-1 PMid:28612747
- Yuan, F.L., Hu, W., Lu, W.G., Li, X., Li, J.P., Xu, R.S. et al. Targeting interleukin-21 in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2011; 38, 1717-1721. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-010-0285-x PMid:20848219
- Kwok, S.K., Cho, M.L., Park, M.K., Oh, H.J., Park, J.S., Her, Y.M. et al. (2012) Interleukin-21 promotes osteoclastogenesis in humans with rheumatoid arthritis and in mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 64, 740-751. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.33390 PMid:21968544
- Xing, R., Jin, Y., Sun, L., Yang, L., Li, C., Li, Z. et al. (2016) Interleukin-21 induces migration and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 184, 147-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.12751 PMid:26646950 PMCid:PMC4837236
- Lubberts, E. (2010) Th17 cytokines and arthritis. Seminars in Immunopathol. 32, 43-53, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-009-0189-9 PMid:20127485 PMCid:PMC2836464
- Leonard WJ, Wan C-K. IL-21 Signaling in Immunity. F1000Research. 2016;5: F1000 Faculty Rev-1224. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.7634.1 PMid:26966515 PMCid:PMC4770986
- Sauna, Z.E.; Kimchi-Sarfaty, C. Understanding the contribution of synonymous mutations to human disease. Nat. Reviews. Genet. 2011, 12, 683-691. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3051 PMid:21878961
- Reyes-Perez, I.V.; Sanchez-Hernandez, P.E.; Munoz-Valle, J.F.; Martinez-Bonilla, G.E.; Garcia-Iglesias, T.; Gonzalez-Diaz, V.; Garcia-Arellano, S.; Cerpa-Cruz, S.; Polanco-Cruz, J.; Ramirez-Duenas, M.G. Cytokines (IL-15, IL-21, and IFN-) in rheumatoid arthritis: Association with positivity to autoantibodies (RF, anti-CCP, anti-MCV, and anti-PADI4) and clinical activity. Clin. Rheumatol. 2019, 38, 3061-3071. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-019-04681-4 PMid:31312989
- Wu, Y.; van Besouw, N.M.; Shi, Y.; Hoogduijn, M.J.; Wang, L.; Baan, C.C. The Biological Effects of IL-21 Signaling on B-Cell-Mediated Responses in Organ Transplantation. Front. Immunol. 2016, 7, 319. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00319
- Lan Y, Luo B, Wang JL, Jiang YW, Wei YS. The association of interleukin 21 polymorphisms with interleukin 21 serum levels and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus. Gene. 2014 Mar 15;538(1):94-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.012 PMid:24434811
- Espinoza-García N, Salazar-Camarena DC, Marín-Rosales M, Reyes-Mata MP, Ramírez-Dueñas MG, Muñoz-Valle JF, Borunda-Calderón IM, González-Palacios A, Palafox-Sánchez CA. High Interleukin 21 Levels in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association with Clinical Variables and rs2221903 Polymorphism. J Clin Med. 2024 Aug 2;13(15):4512. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13154512 PMid:39124778 PMCid:PMC11313274
- Ding L, Wang S, Chen GM, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. A single nucleotide polymorphism of IL-21 gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Inflammation. 2012;35(6):1781-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-012-9497-7 PMid:22752563
- Xing R, Sun L, Wu D, Jin Y, Li C, Liu X, Zhao J. Autoantibodies against interleukin-21 correlate with disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2018;37(1):75-80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-017-3862-8 PMid:29019047