References
- Jones WS, Patel MR, Dai D, Vemulapalli S, Subherwal S, Stafford J, Peterson ED. High mortality risks after major lower extremity amputation in Medicare patients with peripheral artery disease. Am Heart J. 2013;165:809-15, 815.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2012.12.002 PMid:23622919
- Ohman EM, Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Goto S, Hirsch AT, Liau CS, Mas JL, Richard AJ, Röther J, Wilson PW; REACH Registry Investigators. The Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry: an international, prospective, observational investigation in subjects at risk for atherothrombotic events-study design. Am Heart J. 2006;151:786.e1-786.10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2005.11.004 PMid:16569533
- Fowkes FGR, Murray GD, Butcher I, Heald CL, Lee RJ, Chambless LE, Folsom AR, Hirsch AT, Dramaix M, deBacker G, et al; Ankle Brachial Index Collaboration. Ankle brachial index combined with framingham risk score to predict cardiovascular events and mortality: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008;300:197-208. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.300.2.197 PMid:18612117 PMCid:PMC2932628
- Murabito JM, Evans JC, Larson MG, Nieto K, Levy D, Wilson PW; Framingham Study. The ankle-brachial index in the elderly and risk of stroke, coronary disease, and death: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163:1939-1942. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.16.1939 PMid:12963567
- Cotter G, Cannon CP, McCabe CH, Michowitz Y, Kaluski E, Charlesworth A, Milo O, Bentley J, Blatt A, Krakover R, et al; OPUS-TIMI 16 Investigators. Prior peripheral arterial disease and cerebrovascular disease are independent predictors of adverse outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes: are we doing enough? Results from the Orbofiban in Patients With Unstable Coronary Syndromes-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (OPUS-TIMI) 16 study. Am Heart J. 2003;145:622-627. https://doi.org/10.1067/mhj.2003.6 PMid:12679757
- Golomb BA, Dang TT, Criqui MH. Peripheral arterial disease: morbidity and mortality implications. Circulation. 2006;114:688-699. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.593442 PMid:16908785
- Marrett E, DiBonaventura Md, Zhang Q. Burden of peripheral arterial disease in Europe and the United States: a patient survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2013;11:175. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-11-175 PMid:24148832 PMCid:PMC3854518
- Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, Aboyans V, Denenberg JO, McDermott MM, Norman PE, Sampson UK, Williams LJ, Mensah GA, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013;382:1329-1340. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61249-0 PMid:23915883
- Corcos L, Procacci T, Peruzzi G, Dini M, De Anna D. Saphenofemoral valves. Histopathological observations and diagnostic approach before surgery. Dermatologic Surgery 1996;22(10):873-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.1996.tb00591.x PMid:9246171
- Corcos L, De Anna D, Dini M, Macchi C, Ferrari PA, Dini S. Proximal long saphenous vein valves in primary venous insufficiency. Journal des Maladies Vasculaires 2000;25(1):27-36.
- Trendelenburg F. Via the connection of the great saphenous vein to the lower leg varices [Uber die tunderbindung der vena saphena magna bie unterschenkel varicen]. Beitrage zur Klinischen Chirurgie 1890;7:195.
- Jones GT, Grant MW, Thomson IA, Hill BG, Van Rij AM. Characterization of a porcine model of chronic superficial varicose veins. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2009;49(6):1554-61 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.01.070 PMid:19497519
- Labropoulos N, Leon L, Kwon S, Tassiopoulos A, Gonzalez-Fajardo JA, Kang SS, et al. Study of the venous reflux progression. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005;41(2):291-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.11.014 PMid:15768012
- Pascarella L, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Bergan J. An animal model of venous hypertension: the role of inflammation in venous valve failure. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2005;41(2):303-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.10.038 PMid:15768014
- Takase S, Pascarella L, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Hypertension-induced venous valve remodeling. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2004;39(6):1329-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2004.02.044 PMid:15192576
- Carpentier PH, Cornu-Thénard A, Uhl JF, Partsch H, Antignani PL. Appraisal of the information content of the C classes of CEAP clinical classification of chronic venous disorders; a multi centre evaluation. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2003;37(4):827-33. https://doi.org/10.1067/mva.2003.147 PMid:12663984
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins. Interventional procedures guidance, IPG440; February 2013. nice.org.uk/guidance/ipg440 (accessed 18 January 2019).
- Labropoulos N, Leon M, Nicolaides AN, Giannoukas AD, Volteas N, Chan P. Superficial venous insufficiency: correlation of anatomic extent of reflux with clinical symptoms and signs. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994;20(6):953-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0741-5214(94)90233-X PMid:7990191
- Rabe E, Pannier F, Ko A, Berboth G, Hoffmann B, Hertel S. Incidence of varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, and progression of the disease in the Bonn Vein Study II. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2010;51(3):P791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2009.11.014
- Sarin S, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Assessment of stripping the long saphenous vein in treatment of primary varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 1992;79(9):889-93. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800790911 PMid:1422747
- Carradice D, Mekako A, Hatfield J, Chetter I. Recurrent varicose veins are more common following surgery than EVLT - results of a randomised controlled trial. The Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland Yearbook 2009:86.
- Carradice D, Mekako AI, Hatfield J, Chetter IC. A randomised trial of EVLT vs surgery for varicose veins. The Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland Yearbook 2008:91. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6542
- Carradice D, Mekako AI, Mazari FA, Samuel N, Hatfield J, Chetter IC. Clinical and technical outcomes from a randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation compared with conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2011;98(8):1117-23. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7615 PMid:21638277
- Carradice D, Mekako AI, Mazari FA, Samuel N, Hatfield J, Chetter IC. Randomized clinical trial of endovenous laser ablation compared with conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2011;98(4):501-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7394 PMid:21283981
- Carradice D, Wallace T, Samuel N, Gohil R, Chetter I. A comparison of the effectiveness of treating those with and without the complications of superficial venous insufficiency. Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland Yearbook 2012:38.
- Wallace T, El-Sheikha J, Nandhra S, Leung C, Mohamed A, Harwood A, et al. Long-term outcomes of endovenous laser ablation and conventional surgery for great saphenous varicose veins. British Journal of surgery 2018;105:1759-67. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10961 PMid:30132797
- Critchley G, Handa A, Maw A, Harvey A, Harvey MR, Corbett CR. Complications of varicose vein surgery. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1997;79(2):105-10.
- Joh JH, Kim WS, Jung IM, Park KH, Lee T, Kang JM, et al. Consensus for the treatment of varicose vein with radiofrequency ablation. Vascular Specialist International 2014;30(4):105-12. https://doi.org/10.5758/vsi.2014.30.4.105 PMid:26217628 PMCid:PMC4480318
- National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Varicose veins in the legs: the diagnosis and management of varicose veins. Clinical guideline CG168; July 2013. nice.org.uk/guidance/CG168 (accessed 14 July 2014).
- Devereux N, Recke AL, Westermann L, Recke A, Kahle B. Catheter-directed foam sclerotherapy of great saphenous veins in combination with pre-treatment reduction of the diameter employing the principals of perivenous tumescent local anesthesia. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 2014;47:187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2013.10.017 PMid:24268395
- Proebstle TM, Alm J, Dimitri S, Rasmussen L, Whiteley M, Lawson J, et al. The European multicenter cohort study on cyanoacrylate embolization of refluxing great saphenous veins. Journal of Vascular Surgery 2015;3(1):2-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2014.09.001 PMid:26993674
- Leung C, Carradice D, Wallace T, Chetter IC. Endovenous laser ablation versus mechanochemical ablation with ClariVein® in the management of superficial venous insufficiency (LAMA trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 2016;17(1):421. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1548-1 PMid:27552990 PMCid:PMC4995808
- Shepherd AC, Gohel MS, Brown LC, Metcalfe MJ, Hamish M, Davies AH. Randomized clinical trial of VNUS ClosureFAST radiofrequency ablation versus laser for varicose veins. British Journal of Surgery 2010;97(6):810-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.7091 PMid:20473992
- Tang TY, Kam JW, Gaunt ME. ClariVein® - early results from a large single-centre series of mechanochemical endovenous ablation for varicose veins. Phlebology 2017;32(1):6-12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0268355516630154 PMid:26908638 PMCid:PMC5302071
- Morrison N, Gibson K, McEnroe S, Goldman M, King T, Weiss R, et al. Randomized trial comparing cyanoacrylate embolization and radiofrequency ablation for incompetent great saphenous veins (VeClose). Journal of Vascular Surgery 2015;61(4):985-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2014.11.071 PMid:25650040
- Almeida JI, Javier JJ, Mackay E, Bautista C, Proebstle TM. First human use of cyanoacrylate adhesive for treatment of saphenous vein incompetence. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2013;1:174-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2012.09.010 PMid:26992340
- Gloviczki, P. Handbook of venous and lymphatic disorders: guidelines of the American Venous Forum. 4th ed. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 2017. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315382449
- Al Shakarchi J, Wall M, Newman J, Pathak R, Rehman A, Garnham A, et al. The role of compression after endovenous ablation of varicose veins. J Vasc Surg Venous Lymphat Disord 2018;6:546-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsv.2018.01.021 PMid:29680