Table 1
Participant characteristics
| CAI patients (n = 18) | Healthy controls (n = 18) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 21.4 ± 1.6 | 21.1 ± 1.7 | 0.552 |
| Height (cm) | 177.6 ± 3.4 | 178.8 ± 4.2 | 0.337 |
| Weight (kg) | 73.5 ± 5.9 | 73.5 ± 6.0 | 0.962 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 1.3 | 22.9 ± 1.3 | 0.388 |
| Tegner score | 7.8 ± 0.51 | 7.8 ± 0.55 | 0.756 |
Notes: CAI: chronic ankle instability; BMI: body mass index.
Figure 1
Proprioceptive characteristics of the ankle.
Table 2
Kinematic and kinematic characteristics of the ankle
| CAI patients (n = 18) | Healthy controls (n = 18) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peak ankle angle (°) | |||
| Dorsiflexion | 15.50 ± 3.81 | 18.19 ± 3.23 | 0.029 |
| Inversion | 11.00 ± 3.72 | 8.35 ± 3.68 | 0.039 |
| Internal rotation | 5.27 ± 2.57 | 3.46 ± 2.23 | 0.031 |
| Peak ankle moment (Nm/kg) | |||
| Dorsiflexion | −1.80 ± 0.38 | −1.56 ± 0.26 | 0.035 |
| Inversion | 0.21 ± 0.18 | 0.30 ± 0.21 | 0.213 |
| Internal rotation | 0.13 ± 0.11 | 0.16 ± 0.10 | 0.372 |
| Peak ankle power (J/kg) | |||
| Dorsiflexion | −13.33 ± 4.20 | −10.63 ± 3.20 | 0.038 |
| Inversion | 0.17 ± 0.19 | 0.32 ± 0.25 | 0.060 |
| Internal rotation | 0.26 ± 0.17 | 0.26 ± 0.13 | 0.875 |
Notes: CAI: chronic ankle instability.
Figure 2
Characteristics of ankle muscle activation.
Table 3
Correlation analysis between proprioception and lower limb biomechanical characteristics
| Variable | Peak ankle dorsiflexion angle | Peak ankle inversion angle | Peak ankle internal rotation angle | Peak ankle plantarflexion moment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plantarflexion position perception error (˚) | −0.072 (0.777) | −0.076 (0.764) | −0.233 (0.353) | 0.208 (0.408) |
| Dorsiflexion position perception error (˚) | −0.589 (0.010) | 0.023 (0.927) | −0.261 (0.295) | −0.296 (0.232) |
| Inversion positional perception error (˚) | −0.584 (0.011) | −0.622 (0.006) | 0.047 (0.852) | −0.195 (0.437) |
| Eversion position perception error (˚) | −0.541 (0.020) | −0.282 (0.257) | −0.200 (0.425) | 0.287 (0.249) |
| Variable | Peak ankle plantarflexion power | Peroneus longus activation | Tibialis anterior activation | Lateral gastrocnemius activation |
| Plantarflexion position perception error (˚) | 0.332 (0.178) | −0.025 (0.922) | 0.246 (0.325) | 0.162 (0.520) |
| Dorsiflexion position perception error (˚) | −0.314 (0.204) | 0.184 (0.466) | −0.184 (0.465) | 0.268 (0.283) |
| Inversion positional perception error (˚) | −0.055 (0.829) | 0.001 (0.999) | 0.026 (0.919) | −0.257 (0.304) |
| Eversion position perception error (˚) | 0.272 (0.274) | −0.195 (0.439) | −0.350 (0.154) | −0.300 (0.226) |
Notes: CAI: chronic ankle instability; RMS: root mean square.