The effect of balance training on changes in values of quantities describing the phenomenon of anticipatory postural adjustments

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a four-week proprioceptive training programme with perturbation stimuli on postural control mechanisms in female basketball players. Changes in postural muscle activity, biomechanical parameters, and compensatory responses were analysed within the framework of early, anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments.

Methods: Five female basketball players (22 ± 4 years) participated in the study. Measurements were conducted before and after the training intervention. Postural muscle activity was recorded using surface electromyography, centre of pressure parameters were assessed with a stabilographic platform, and body segment kinematics were measured using inertial measurement units. Tests included static standing and postural perturbations performed with and without prior warning. Muscle activity was analysed in the EPA, APA and CPA phases, together with muscle activation latency, maximum COP velocity, knee joint flexion, and head movement velocity. Non-parametric statistical tests and Spearman’s rank correlations were applied.

Results: After the training programme, a tendency towards increased postural muscle activity was observed, particularly during perturbations with prior warning. Maximum center of pressure velocity during the compensatory phase increased, while head movement velocity decreased, indicating improved dynamic postural control. No significant changes were found in muscle activation latency or static balance parameters. Significant relationships were identified between preparatory muscle activity and compensatory biomechanical responses.

Conclusions: A four-week proprioceptive training programme may induce neuromuscular adaptations that enhance dynamic postural control in female basketball players, especially under predictable perturbation conditions.