Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Assessment of static foot posture as an indicator of biomechanical adaptation in American football players Cover

Assessment of static foot posture as an indicator of biomechanical adaptation in American football players

Open Access
|Dec 2025

References

  1. Alahmari K.A., Kakaraparthi V.N., Reddy R.S., Samuel P.S., Tedla J.S., Rengaramanujam K., Ahmad I., Sangadala D.R., Mukherjee D., Foot Posture Index Reference Values among Young Adults in Saudi Arabia and Their Association with Anthropometric Determinants, Balance, Functional Mobility, and Hypermobility, Biomed. Res. Int., 2021, 8844356, DOI: 10.1155/2021/8844356.
  2. Algaba-Del-Castillo J., Castro-Méndez A., Pérez-Belloso A.J., Garrido-Barragán J.G., Aguilar Sánchez A., Coheña-Jiménez M., Pilot Study: The Relationship between Foot Posture and Movement Quality in Non-Professional Male Football Players, Life (Basel), 2023, 13 (7), 1574, DOI: 10.3390/life13071574.
  3. Ashnagar Z., Hadian M.R., Olyaei G., Talebian S., Rezasoltani A., Saeedi H., Yekaninejad M.S., Mahmoodi R., Ultrasound evaluation of the quadriceps muscles in pronated foot posture, Foot (Edinb), 2019, 38, 86–90, DOI: 10.1016/j.foot.2019.01.003.
  4. Aurichio T.R., Rebelatto J.R., De Castro A.P., The relationship between the body mass index (BMI) and foot posture in elderly people, Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr., 2011, 52 (2), e89–92, DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2010.06.014.
  5. Babu D., Bordoni B., Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Medial Longitudinal Arch of the Foot, 2024. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, 2025, 32965960.
  6. Brock E., Zhang S., Milner C., Liu X., Brosnan J.T., Sorochan J.C., Effects of two football stud configurations on biomechanical characteristics of single-leg landing and cutting movements on infilled synthetic turf, Sports Biomech., 2014, 13 (4), 362–379, DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2014.965727.
  7. Buldt A.K., Forghany S., Landorf K.B., Levinger P., Murley G.S., Menz H.B., Foot posture is associated with plantar pressure during gait: A comparison of normal, planus and cavus feet, Gait Posture, 2018, 62, 235–240, DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.005.
  8. Buldt A.K., Forghany S., Landorf K.B., Murley G.S., Levinger P., Menz H.B., Centre of pressure characteristics in normal, planus and cavus feet, J. Foot Ankle Res., 2018, 11, 3, DOI: 10.1186/s13047-018-0245-6.
  9. Buldt A.K., Murley G.S., Butterworth P., Levinger P., Menz H.B., Landorf K.B., The relationship between foot posture and lower limb kinematics during walking: A systematic review, Gait Posture, 2013, 38 (3), 363–372, DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.01.010.
  10. Butterworth P.A., Urquhart D.M., Landorf K.B., Wluka A.E., Cicuttini F.M., Menz H.B., Foot posture, range of motion and plantar pressure characteristics in obese and non-obese individuals, Gait Posture, 2015, 41 (2), 465–469, DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.11.010.
  11. Button K.D., Braman J.E., Davison M.A., Wei F., Schaeffer M.C., Haut R.C., Rotational stiffness of American football shoes affects ankle biomechanics and injury severity, J. Biomech. Eng., 2015, 137 (6), 061004, DOI: 10.1115/1.4029979.
  12. Cain L.E., Nicholson L.L., Adams R.D., Burns J., Foot morphology and foot/ankle injury in indoor football, J. Sci. Med. Sport., 2007, 10 (5), 311–319, DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.07.012.
  13. Cherati A.S., Dousti M., Younespour S., Association between Foot Posture Index and Ankle Sprain in Indoor Football Players, Glob. J. Health Sci., 2016, 8 (10), 51426, DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n10p160.
  14. Cho Y., Park J.W., Nam K., The relationship between foot posture index and resting calcaneal stance position in elementary school students, Gait Posture., 2019, 74, 142–147, DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.09.003.
  15. Churchill T.W., Krishnan S., Weisskopf M., Yates B.A., Speizer F.E., Kim J.H., Nadler L.E., Pascual-Leone A., Zafonte R., Baggish A.L., Weight Gain and Health Affliction Among Former National Football League Players, Am. J. Med., 2018, 131 (12), 1491–1498, DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.07.042.
  16. Cowley E., Marsden J., The effects of prolonged running on foot posture: a repeated measures study of half marathon runners using the foot posture index and navicular height, J. Foot Ankle Res., 2013, 6, 20, DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-6-20.
  17. Crandall J., Frederick E.C., Kent R., Lessley D.J., Sherwood C., Forefoot bending stiffness of cleated American football shoes, Footwear Scie., 2015, 7 (3), 1–10, DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2015.1058427.
  18. Dahle L.K., Mueller M.J., Delitto A., Diamond J.E., Visual assessment of foot type and relationship of foot type to lower extremity injury, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 1991, 14 (2), 70–74, DOI: 10.2519/jospt.1991.14.2.70.
  19. Dubin J.C., Comeau D., McClelland R.I., Dubin R.A., Ferrel E., Lateral and syndesmotic ankle sprain injuries: a narrative literature review, J. Chiropr. Med., 2011, 10 (3), 204–219, DOI: 10.1016/j.jcm.2011.02.001.
  20. Escamilla-Martínez E., Martínez-Nova A., Gómez-Martín B., Sánchez-Rodríguez R., Fernández-Seguín L.M., The effect of moderate running on foot posture index and plantar pressure distribution in male recreational runners, J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc., 2013, 103 (2), 121–125, DOI: 10.7547/1030121.
  21. Flores D.V., Mejía Gómez C., Fernández Hernando M., Davis M.A., Pathria M.N., Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deform ity: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Staging, and Imaging Findings, Radiographics, 2019, 39 (5), 1437–1460, DOI: 10.1148/rg.2019190046.
  22. Fullagar H.H.K., McCunn R., Murray A., Updated Review of the Applied Physiology of American College Football: Physical Demands, Strength and Conditioning, Nutrition, and Injury Characteristics of America’s Favorite Game, Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform., 2017, 12 (10), 1396–1403, DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0783.
  23. Gijon-Nogueron G., Marchena-Rodriguez A., Montes-Alguacil J., Evans A.M., Evaluation of the paediatric foot using footprints and foot posture index: A cross-sectional study, J. Paediatr Child Health., 2020, 56 (2), 201–206, DOI: 10.1111/jpc.14558.
  24. Gökler O., Koçak İ., Aydoğan E., Karanfil I., B C., Evaluation of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo in American Football Players, J. Int. Adv. Otol., 2018, 14 (2), 295–298, DOI: 10.5152/iao.2018.4384.
  25. Gonçalves De Carvalho B.K., Penha P.J., Ramos N.L.J.P., Andrade R.M., Ribeiro A.P., João S.M.A., Age, Sex, Body Mass Index, and Laterality in the Foot Posture of Adolescents: A Cross Sectional Study, J. Manipulative Physiol. Ther., 2020, 43 (7), 744–752, DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2018.11.035.
  26. Hagedorn T.J., Dufour A.B., Riskowski J.L., Hillstrom H.J., Menz H.B., Casey V.A., Hannan M.T., Foot disorders, foot posture, and foot function: the Framingham foot study, PLoS One, 2013, 8 (9), e74364, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074364.
  27. Halabchi F., Angoorani H., Mirshahi M., Pourgharib Shahi M.H., Mansournia M.A., The Prevalence of Selected Intrinsic Risk Factors for Ankle Sprain Among Elite Football and Basketball Players, Asian J. Sports Med., 2016, 7 (3), e35287, DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.35287.
  28. Jankowicz-Szymańska A., Rojek R., Kołpa M., Mikołajczyk E., Zależności pomiędzy budową somatyczną a ukształtowaniem stóp młodych osób dorosłych. (ang. Relationship between body building and foot architecture in young adults), Probl. Hig. Epidemiol., 2013, 94 (4), 734–739.
  29. Jurecka A., Kasperczyk B., Wodka-Natkaniec E., Gaździk T.S., Niedźwiedzki Ł., Niedźwiedzki T., Evaluation of selected lower limbs biomechanical parameters in patients with knee osteoarthritis, [In:] J. Jaworek, T.S. Gaździk (Eds.), Physiotherapy in the prevention and treatment of lifestyle diseases [Fizjoterapia w profilaktyce chorób cywilizacyjnych i ich leczeniu], J., Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków, 2014, 25–53.
  30. Kuo Y.L., Liu Y.S.F., The foot posture index between elite athletic and sedentary college students, Kinesiology, 2017, 49 (2), 202–207, DOI: 10.26582/k.49.2.6.
  31. Lopezosa-Reca E., Gijon-Nogueron G., Garcia-Paya I., Ortega-Avila A.B., Does the type of sport practised influence foot posture and knee angle? Differences between footballers and swimmers, Res. Sports Med., 2018, 26 (3), 345–353, DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2018.1447470.
  32. Lynn S.K., Costigan P.A., Changes in the medial-lateral hamstring activation ratio with foot rotation during lower limb exercise, J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 2009, 19 (3), e197–205, DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.01.007.
  33. Manley G., Gardner A.J., Schneider K.J., Guskiewicz K.M., Bailes J., Cantu R.C., Castellani R.J., Turner M., Jordan B.D., Randolph C., Dvořák J., Hayden K.A., Tator C.H., McCrory P., Iverson G.L., A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion, Br. J. Sports Med., 2017, 51 (12), 969–977, DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097791.
  34. Martínez-Nova A., Gómez-Blázquez E., EscamillaMartínez E., Pérez-Soriano P., Gijon-Nogueron G., Fernández-Seguín L.M., The foot posture index in men practicing three sports different in their biomechanical gestures, J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc., 2014, 104 (2), 154–158, DOI: 10.7547/0003-0538-104.2.154.
  35. Morgans R., Di Michele R., Ceylan I.H., Ryan B., Haslam C., King M., Zmijewski P., Oliveira R., Physical match performance of elite soccer players from the English Championship League and the English Premier League: The effects of opponent ranking and positional differences, Biol. Sport., 2025, 42 (1), 29–38, DOI: 10.5114/biolsport. 2025.139079.
  36. Morris T.P., McCracken C., Baggish A., Weisskopf M., Zafonte R., Taylor H.A., Nadler L.M., Speizer F.E., Pascual-Leone A., Multisystem afflictions in former National Football League players, Am. J. Ind. Med., 2019, 62 (8), 655–662, DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22992.
  37. Morrison K.E., Kaminski T.W., Foot characteristics in association with inversion ankle injury, J. Athl. Train., 2007, 42 (1), 135–142.
  38. Nguyen V.T., Zafonte R.D., Chen J.T., Kponee-Shovein K.Z., Paganoni S., Pascual-Leone A., Speizer F.E., Baggish A.L., Taylor H.A., Jr., Nadler L.M., Courtney T.K., Connor A., Weisskopf M.G., Mortality Among Professional American-Style Football Players and Professional American Baseball Players, JAMA Netw Open., 2019, 2 (5), e194223, DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4223.
  39. Pizac D.A., Swanik C.B., Glutting J.J., Kaminski T.W., Evaluating Postural Control and Ankle Laxity Between Taping and High-Top Cleats in High School Football Players, J. Sport Rehabil., 2018, 27 (2), 111–117, DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2016-0084.
  40. Redmond A.C., Crane Y.Z., Menz H.B., Normative values for the Foot Posture Index, J. Foot Ankle Res., 2008, 1 (1), 6, DOI: 10.1186/1757-1146-1-6.
  41. Redmond A.C., Crosbie J., Ouvrier R.A., Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: the Foot Posture Index, Clin. Biomech. (Bristol), 2006, 21 (1), 89–98, DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005. 08.002.
  42. Sancho I., Malliaras P., Barton C., Willy R.W., Morrissey D., Biomechanical alterations in individuals with Achilles tendinopathy during running and hopping: A systematic review with meta-analysis, Gait Posture., 2019, 73, 189–201, DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.07.121.
  43. Spałek A., Trybulec B., Wodka-Natkaniec E., Barłowska-Trybulec M., Causes and differentiation of injuries depending on the positions taken on the pitch among American Football players in Poland, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness., 2021, 61 (12), 1636–1643, DOI:10.23736/S0022-4707.21.11925-5.
  44. Taylor J.B., Nguyen A.D., Griffin J.R., Ford K.R., Effects of turf and cleat footwear on plantar load distributions in adolescent American football players during resisted pushing, Sports Biomech., 2018, 17 (2), 227–237, DOI: 10.1080/14763141. 2016.1271448.
  45. Uzel M., Cetinus E., Ekerbicer H.C., Karaoguz A., The influence of athletic activity on the plantar fascia in healthy young adults, J. Clin. Ultrasound., 2006, 34 (1), 17–21, DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20178.
  46. Villarroya M.A., Esquivel J.M., Tomás C., Moreno L.A., Buenafé A., Bueno G., Assessment of the medial longitudinal arch in children and adolescents with obesity: footprints and radiographic study, Eur. J. Pediatr., 2009, 168 (5), 559–567, DOI: 10.1007/s00431-008-0789-8.
  47. Windsor J., Jeffries J., Sorensen J., Bach K., Benedek E., Bicher J., Pasquina P., A Retrospective Study of Foot Biomechanics and Injury History in Varsity Football Athletes at the U.S. Naval Academy, Mil. Med., 2022, 187 (5–6), 684–689, DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab370.
  48. Wodka-Natkaniec E., Niedźwiedzki Ł., Gaździk T., Nowobilski R., Lower limb injuries in American football players in Poland, J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness., 2024, 64 (10), 1079–1086, DOI: 10.23736/S0022-4707.24.15974-9.
  49. Wodka-Natkaniec E., Niedźwiedzki Ł., Pawłowska J., Zyznawska J., Świtoń A., Current reports on foot and ankle injuries of American football players, Medycyna Sport., 2021, 37 (4), 207–216, DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015. 6269.
  50. Wyszyńska J., Leszczak J., Podgórska-Bednarz J., Czenczek-Lewandowska E., Rachwał M., Dereń K., Baran J., Drzał-Grabiec J. Body Fat and Muscle Mass in Association with Foot Structure in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health., 2020, 17 (3), 811, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030811.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37190/abb/213617 | Journal eISSN: 2450-6303 | Journal ISSN: 1509-409X
Language: English
Page range: 173 - 185
Submitted on: Jul 12, 2025
Accepted on: Oct 25, 2025
Published on: Dec 11, 2025
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Ewa Wodka-Natkaniec, Joanna Zyznawska, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.