Tarsus and knee setting in children at the final stage of early childhood taking into account the six-month age ranges

Puszczałowska-Lizis, Ewa; Lizis, Sabina; Mikuláková, Wiolletta

doi:10.37190/abb-02233-2023-03

Abstract

Purpose: The study aimed to analyze the tarsus and knee setting in 3-year-old girls and boys, taking into account the six-month age ranges.

Methods: The study involved 800 children (400 girls, 400 boys) recruited from randomly selected preschools in the in the Podkarpackie voivodeship. Study group was divided into two age ranges: 1st group (children aged 3.00–3.49 years) and 2nd group (children aged 3.50–3.99 years). Baseline goniometer (Fei Fabrication, Ltd., USA) was used as primary research tool. The data were analyzed based on Mann–Whitney U-test and Student’s t-test for independent samples.

Results: Sex differences concern only the tibio-calcaneal angle in children in the 2nd age group (right: p < 0.001) and left p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences in both girls (right lower limb: p = 0.003; left lower limb: p = 0.002), and boys (right lower limb: p = 0.001; left lower limb: p = 0.001) were found.

Conclusions: Boys were characterized by greater valgus of the tarsus of the right and left foot than girls. Knees of girls and boys in the 1st age group were characterized by greater valgus, compared to children from the 2nd age group.

References

Arazi M., Ogun T.C., Memik R., Normal development of the tibiofemoral angle in children: a clinical study of 590 normal subjects from 3 to 17 years of age, J. Pediatr. Orthop., 2001, 21 (2), 264–267.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Baruah R.K., Kumar S., Harikrishnan S.V., Developmental pattern of tibiofemoral angle in healthy north-east Indian children, J. Child. Orthop., 2017, 11 (5), 339–347, DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.11.170047.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Buchanan K.R., Davis I., The relationship between forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot static alignment in pain-free individuals, J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther., 2005, 35 (9), 559–566, DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2005.35.9.559.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cheng J.C., Chan P.S., Chiang S.C., Hui P.W., Angular and rotational profile of the lower limb in 2,630 Chinese children, J. Pediatr. Orthop., 1991, 11 (2), 154–161.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ciaccia M.C.C., Pinto C.N., Golfieri F.D.C., Machado T.F., Lozano L.L., Silva J.M.S., Rullo V.E.V., Prevalence of genu valgum in public elementary schools in the city of Santos (sp), Brazil, Rev. Paul Pediatr., 2017, 35 (4), 443–447, DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;4;00002.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dziak A., For the child to be fit, PZWL, Warszawa 1993.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ekwedigwe H.C., Enweani U.N., Madu K.A., Nwadinigwe C.U., Okwesili I.C., Ekwunife R.T., Clinical measurement of angular profile of the knee and correlation with intermalleolar distance in children in Enugu metropolis, Niger J. Clin. Pract., 2020, 23, 7–11, DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_175_19.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hafez M.A., Sheikhedrees S.M., Saweeres E.S., Anthropometry of Arabian arthritic knees: comparison to other ethnic groups and implant dimensions, J. Arthroplasty., 2016, 31 (5), 1109–1116, DOI: 10.1016/j.arth.2015.11.017.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heath C.H., Staheli L.T., Normal limits of knee angle in white children – genu varum and genu valgum, J. Pediatr. Orthop., 1993, 13 (2), 259–262.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Heshmatipour M., Karimi M.T., The angular profile of the knee in Iranian children: A clinical evaluation, J. Res. Med. Sci., 2011, 16 (11), 1430–1435.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jamil K., Chew W.Y., Bohari N.E., George S., Isahak N.H., Boopalachandran B., Hamizan A.W., Ibrahim S., Knee measurements among children with normal alignment, physiologic and pathologic bowing aged 0–3-years old: a systematic review, J. Pediatr. Orthop. B., 2022, 31 (2), 105–113. DOI: 10.1097/BPB.0000000000000908.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Karimi-Mobarake M., Kashefipour A., Yousfnejad Z., The prevalence of genu varum and genu valgum in primary school children in Iran 2003–2004, J. Med. Sci., 2005, 5 (1), 52–54.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kasperczyk T., Body posture defects. Diagnostics and treatment, Kasper, Kraków 2004.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kaspiris A., Grivas T.B., Vasiliadis E., Physiological alignment of the lower limbs changes during childhood: a clinical study in South-West Greece, Adv. Biomed. Res., 2010, 1, 249–251.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kowal M., Cichocka B.A., Wronkowicz A., Pilecki M.W., Sobiecki J., Kryst Ł., Changes between generations in body build and acceleration of puberty in children and adolescents aged 7–15 in the metropolitan population, in light of psychosocial determinants, AWF, Kraków 2011.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kutzner-Kozińska E., Olszewska M., Popiel D., Trzcińska D., The process of correcting postural defects, AWF, Warszawa 2008.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Langley B., Cramp M., Morrison S.C., Clinical measures of static foot posture do not agree, J. Foot Ankle Res., 2016, 9 (1), 45–49, DOI: 10.1186/s13047-016-0180-3.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lincoln T.L., Suen P.W., Common rotational variations in children, J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg., 2003, 11 (5), 312–320.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mathew S.E., Madhuri V., Clinical tibiofemoral angle in south Indian children, Bone Joint Res., 2013, 8 (2), 155–161, DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.28.2000157.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Matyja M., Gogola A., Forecasting children’s posture development based on analyse of a postural tone quality during infancy period, Child Neurology, 2007, 16 (32), 49–56.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mohd-Karim M.I., Sulaiman A.R., Munajat I., Syurahbil A.H., Clinical measurement of the tibio-femoral angle in Malay children, Malays Orthop. J., 2015, 9 (2), 9–12, DOI: 10.5704/MOJ.1507.005.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Omololu B., Tella A., Ogunlade S.O., Adeyemo A.A., Adebisi A., Alonge T.O., Salawu S.A., Akinpelu A.O., Normal values of knee angle, intercondylar and intermalleolar distances in Nigerian children, West Afr. J. Med., 2003, 22 (4), 301–304, DOI: 10.4314/wajm.v22i4.28051.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Oyewole O.O., Akinpelu A.O., Odole A.C., Development of the tibiofemoral angle in a cohort of Nigerian children during the first 3 years of life, J. Child Orthop., 2013, 7, 167–173, DOI: 10.1007/s11832-012-0478-z.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Prętkiewicz-Abacjew E., The influence of genu valgum and tarsus valgus on body positioning in the gait of children, Pol. J. Environ. Stud., 2008, 17 (4), 395–401.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Prętkiewicz-Abacjew E., Opanowska M., Correctness and defects in knee alignment, tarsus and longitudinal foot arch in 5–7 year-old boys and girls, Probl. Hig. Epi., 2013, 94 (1), 92–96.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Saini U.C., Bali K., Sheth B., Gahlot N., Gahlot A., Normal development of the knee angle in healthy Indian children: a clinical study of 215 children, J. Child Orthop., 2010, 4 (6), 579–586. DOI: 10.1007/s11832-010-0297-z.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Samia A.. Rahman A., Wafa A., Badahdah W.A., Normal development of the tibiofemoral angle in Saudi children from 2 to 12 years of age, World App. Sci. J., 2011, 12 (8), 1353–1361.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stief F., Böhm H., Dussa C.U., Multerer C., Schwirtz A., Imhoff A.B., Döderlein L., Effect of lower limb malalignment in the frontal plane on transverse plane mechanics during gait in young individuals with varus knee alignment, Knee, 2014, 21 (3), 688–693, DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2014.03.004.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Takabayashi T., Mutsuaki E., Inai T., Tokunaga Y., Kubo M., Influence of sex and knee joint rotation on patellofemoral joint stress, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2022, 24 (3), 161–168. DOI: 10.37190/ABB-02115-2022-03.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zeng Z., Yin L., Zhou W., Zhang Y.U., Jiang J., Wang L., Lower extremity stiffness in habitual forefoot strikers during running on different overground surfaces, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2021, 23 (2), 73–80. DOI: 10.37190/ABB-01820-2021-02.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Tarsus and knee setting in children at the final stage of early childhood taking into account the six-month age ranges

Abstract

Paradigm

My account