Effect of different self-selected walking speeds in leveling of body center of mass, mechanical work and energy in healthy children

Carriquiry, Mariana; Silva-Pereyra, Valentina; Jerez-Mayorga, Daniel; Fábrica, Gabriel

doi:10.37190/abb-01846-2021-03

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the general kinematics of the cycle, leveling of the center of mass and inverted pendulum model in school-age children when they walk at three different auto-selected speeds.

Methods: The kinematics of walking cycle, angular actions that contribute to reducing the vertical displacement of body center of mass (pelvis, hip, knee and ankle) and pendulumlike determining variables (mechanical work, pendulum-like recovery and congruity percentage), were analyzed in children for three different self-selected speeds. Differences for each variable with the speed were tested by ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis. Omega squared (ω²) was calculated for the values of the effect sizes.

Results: None of the angular variables associated with the leveling of the vertical trajectory of body center of mass changed. Likewise, recovery and congruity percentage presented values similar to those obtained in previous studies and did not show significant changes with the speeds.

Conclusions: Nevertheless, changes in horizontal mechanical work and cycle phases, indicate that at some point during the cycle the mechanical energy transfer may have been affected for speed changes. Our results warn about the implication that small changes in the speed during functional evaluations of gait in children may have.

References

Balbinot G., Schuch C.P., Bianchi Oliveira H., Peyré-Tartaruga L.A., Mechanical and energetic determinants of impaired gait following stroke: segmental work and pendular energy transduction during treadmill walking, Biol. Open., 2020, 15, 9 (7), 051581, DOI: 10.1242/bio.051581.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bennett B.C., Russell S.D., Abel M.F., The effects of ankle foot orthoses on energy recovery and work during gait in children with cerebral palsy, Clin. Biomech., 2012, 27 (3), 287–291, DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.09.005.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Biewener A.A., Patterns of mechanical energy change in tetrapod gait: pendula, springs and work, J. Exp. Zool. A. Comp. Exp. Biol., 2006, 305 (11), 899–911, DOI: 10.1002/jez.a.334.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cavagna G.A., Heglund N.C., Taylor C.R., Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure, Am. J. Physiol., 1977, 233 (5), 243–246, DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.1977.233.5.R243.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cavagna G.A., Kaneko M., Mechanical work and efficiency in level walking and running, J. Physiol., 1977, 268 (2), 467–481, DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1977.sp011866.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cavagna G.A., Saibene F.P., Margaria R., External work in walking, J. Appl. Physiol., 1963, 18, 1–9, DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1963.18.1.1.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cavagna G.A., Willems P.A., Legramandi M.A., Heglund N.C., Pendular energy transduction within the step in human walking, J. Exp. Biol., 2002, 205, 3413–3422.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Cohen J., Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, Lawrence Earlbaum Associates, 1988.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Della Croce U., Riley P.O., Lelas J.L., Kerrigan D.C., A refined view of the determinants of gait, Gait Posture, 2001, 14 (2), 79–84.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
DeJaeger D., Willems P.A., Heglund N.C., The energy cost of walking in children, Pflugers Arch., 2001, 441 (4), 538–543.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Donelan J.M., Kram R., Kuo A.D., Mechanical work for step-to-step transitions is a major determinant of the metabolic cost of human walking, J. Exp. Biol., 2002, 205 (23), 3717–3727.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Edwards R.H.T., Biomechanics and energetics of muscular exercise, Muscle Nerve, 1978, 1 (2), 172, DOI: 10.1002/mus.880010213.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fábrica G., Jerez-Mayorga D., Silva-Pereyra V., Pendular energy transduction in the different phases of gait cycle in post-stroke subjects, Hum. Mov. Sci., 2019, 66, DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.06.006.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Fenn W.O., Work Against Gravity and Work Due to Velocity Changes In Running, Am. J. Physiol., 1930, 1, 93 (2), 433–462, DOI: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1930.93.2.433.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Van den Hecke A., Malghem C., Renders A., Detrembleur C., Palumbo S., Lejeune T.M., Mechanical work, energetic cost, and gait efficiency in children with cerebral palsy, J. Pediatr. Orthop., 2007, 27 (6), 643–647, DOI: 10.1097/BPO.0b013e318093f4c3.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jochymczyk-Woźniak K., Nowakowska-Lipiec K., Zadoń H., Wolny S., Gzik M., Gorwa J., Michnik R., Gait Kinematics Index, Global Symmetry Index and Gait Deviations Profile: Concept of a new comprehensive methodof gait pathology evaluation, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2020, 22 (4).
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kirmizi M., Sengul Y.S., Angin S., The effects of gait speed on plantar pressure variables in individuals with normal foot posture and flatfoot, Acta Bioeng. Biomech., 2020, 22, 267–282.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kuo A.D., The six determinants of gait and the inverted pendulum analogy: A dynamic walking perspective, Hum. Mov. Sci., 2007, 26 (4), 617–656. DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2007.04.003.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
van der Linden M.L., Kerr A.M., Hazlewood M.E., Hillman S.J., Robb J.E., Kinematic and kinetic gait characteristics of normal children walking at a range of clinically relevant speeds, J. Pediatr. Orthop., 2002, 22 (6), 800–806.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mariana Haro D., Laboratorio de análisis de marcha y movimiento, Rev. Médica Clínica Las Condes, 2014, 25 (2), 237–247, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0716-8640(14)70034-3.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Minetti A.E., Ardigò L.P., Capodaglio E.M., Saibene F., Energetics and Mechanics of Human Walking at Oscillating Speeds, Am. Zool., 2001, 1, 41 (2), 205–210, DOI: 10.1093/icb/41.2.205.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Minetti A.E., Gaudino P., Seminati E., Cazzola D., The cost of transport of human running is not affected, as in walking, by wide acceleration/deceleration cycles, J. Appl. Physiol., 2013, 114 (4), 498–503, DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00959.2012.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nardello F., Ardigo L.P., Minetti A.E., Measured and predicted mechanical internal work in human locomotion, Hum. Mov. Sci., 2011, 30 (1), 90–104, DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2010.05.012.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Perry J., Araújo A.G.N., Schoneberger B., de Freitas C.D., Análise de marcha, Manole, 2005.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Saibene F., The mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure in human locomotion, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. England, 1990, 44, Suppl. 1, 65–71.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Saibene F., Minetti A.E., Biomechanical and physiological aspects of legged locomotion in humans, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2003, 88 (4–5), 297–316, DOI: 10.1007/s00421-002-0654-9.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Saunders J.B., Inman V.T., Eberhart H.D., The major determinants in normal and pathological gait, J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am., 1953, 35 (3), 543–558.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schepens B., Bastien G.J., Heglund N.C., Willems P.A., Mechanical work and muscular efficiency in walking children, J. Exp. Biol. England, 2004 (4), 587–596, DOI: 10.1242/jeb.00793.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schepens B., Detrembleur C., Calculation of the external work done during walking in very young children, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2009, 107 (3), 367–373, DOI: 10.1007/s00421-009-1132-4.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Schwartz M.H., Rozumalski A., The Gait Deviation Index: a new comprehensive index of gait pathology, Gait and Posture, 2008, 28 (3), 351–357, DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.05.001.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Stansfield B.W., Hillman S.J., Hazlewood M.E., Lawson A.A., Mann A.M., Loudon I.R., Robb J.E., Sagittal joint kinematics, moments, and powers are predominantly characterized by speed of progression, not age, in normal children, J. Pediatr. Orthop., 2001, 21 (3), 403–411.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Willems P.A., Cavagna G.A., Heglund N.C., External, internal and total work in human locomotion, J. Exp. Biol., 1995, 198 (Pt 2), 379–393.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Willems P.A., Schepens B., Detrembleur C., Marcha normal, EMC – Kinesiterapia – Med. Física, 2012, 33 (2), 1–29, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1293-2965(12)61944-6.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Winter D.A., Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement, Wiley, 2009.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Worster K., Valvano J., Carollo J.J., Sagittal plane coordination dynamics of typically developing gait, Clin. Biomech., 2015, 1, 30 (4), 366–372, DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.02.013.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Effect of different self-selected walking speeds in leveling of body center of mass, mechanical work and energy in healthy children

Abstract

Paradigm

My account