Figure 1
Flowchart of the review process.
Table 1
Studies date, country and instruments.
| Paper | Study date | Country | Instruments |
|---|---|---|---|
| J. P. Ryan, A. Ashman, B. D. Sales, S. Shane-DuBow, American Trial Judges: Their Work Styles and Performance, New York and London, The Free Press, 1980. | 1980 | USA | Observation of forty judges in fifteen courts and survey |
| J. M. Rogers, S. Freeman, P. Lesage, The Occupational Stress of Judges. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 36(5) pp. 317–322. | 1991 | Canada | Written survey on the perceptions of the three most stressful aspects of being a judge |
| T. D. Eells, C. R. Showalter, Work-Related Stress in American Trial Judges. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 22(1) pp. 71–83. | 1994 | USA | National Judges Health Stress Questionnaire (NJHSQ); Judicial Stress Inventory (JSI); Brief Report Inventory (BRI) |
| I. M. Gomme, M. P. Hall, Prosecutors at work: role overload and strain. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(2) pp. 191–200 | 1995 | Canada | Structured and unstructured interviews, observation and analysis of secondary materials (justice reports, court documents) |
| M. Lipp, M. Tanganelli, Stress e Qualidade de Vida em magistrados da Justiça do Trabalho: Diferenças entre Homens e Mulheres. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica 15(3) pp. 537–548. | 2002 | Brazil | Stress Symptoms Inventory (ISS); Occupational Stress Management Scale; Quality of Life Inventory (IQV); Judges’ Stressors Inventory (IFSJ); Magistrates’ Stress Management Strategies (IESM) |
| S. Roach Anleu, K. Mack, The professionalization of Australian magistrates: Autonomy, credentials and prestige. Journal of Sociology 44 pp. 185–203. | 2002 | Australia | National Survey of Australian Magistrates (closed and open questions) |
| A. Wallace, K. Mack, S. Roach Anleu, Everyday Work in the Magistrates Courts: Time and Tasks. Journal of Judicial Administration, 21(1) pp. 34–53. S. Roach Anleu, K. Mack, Gender, judging and job satisfaction. Feminist Legal Studies 17(1) pp. 79–99. S. Roach Anleu, K. Mack, Job satisfaction in the Judiciary. Work, Employment and Society 28(5) pp. 683–701. | 2007 2007 | Australia Australia | National Survey of Australian Magistrates (closed and open questions) National Survey of Australian Judges |
| K. Mack, S. Roach Anleu, The National Survey of Australian Judges: An overview of findings. Journal of Judicial Administration 18(1) pp. 5–21. K. Mack, S. Roach Anleu, Skills for Judicial Work: Comparing Women Judges and Women Magistrates”, in: U. Schultz, G. Shaw (eds.), Gender and Judging, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2013, pp. 211–229. | |||
| S. L. Lustig, K. Delucchi, L. Tennakoon, B. Kaul, D. L. Marks, D. Slavin, Burnout and Stress Among United States Immigration Judges. Bender’s Immigration Bulletin 13 pp. 22–30. S. L. Lustig, K. Delucchi, L. Tennakoon, B. Kaul, D. L. Marks, D. Slavin, Inside the Judges’ Chambers: narrative responses from the national association of immigration judges stress and burnout survey. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 23 pp. 57–83. | 2008 | USA | Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSC); Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI); Written survey on the challenges of Immigration Judges |
| D. M. Flores, M. K. Miller, J. Chamberlain, J. T. Richardson, B. H. Bornstein, Judges’ Perspectives on Stress and Safety in the Courtroom: An Exploratory Study. Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association 45 (3) pp. 76–89. | 2008 | USA | Instrument items targeted respondents’ perceptions of jury stress and judges’ own experiences with stress and safety issues; Clinical measures (Center for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale; Spielberger State Anxiety inventory; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostic)); Open-ended question related to coping strategies to reduce stress |
| M. S. Ciocoiu, M. Cojocaru, S. V. Ciocoiu, Implications of levels of stress factors in the magistrate’s activity. Romanian Biotechnological Letters 15(3) pp. 126–133. M. S. Ciocoiu, M. Cojocaru, S. V. Ciocoiu, Stress related manifestations regarding magistrates. Romanian Biotechnological Letters 15(3) pp. 134–141. | 2010 | Romania | Visiting workplaces; Conversations with magistrates; Questionnaire containing potential stress factors |
| F. Tsai, C. Chan, Occupational stress and burnout of judges and procurators. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 83 pp. 133–142. | 2010 | Taiwan | Job content questionnaire (JCQ); Siegrist’s effort–reward imbalance questionnaire (ERI); Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI); 1 question on self-perceived work stress |
| P. Darbyshire, Sitting in Judgment. The working lives of Judges, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, Hart Publishing, 2011. | 2011 | UK | Interviews and observation |
| A. C. Ferreira, J. P. Dias, M. Duarte, P. Fernando, A. Campos, Alfredo, Quem são os nossos magistrados? Caracterização profissional dos juízes e magistrados do Ministério Público em Portugal, Coimbra, CES/UC. 2014 <https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/86801/1/Relat%c3%b3rio%20Final%20Quem%20s%c3%a3o%20os%20nossos%20magistrados%202014.pdf> [accessed 21 April 2020]. | 2012 | Portugal | Survey, focus groups and interviews |
| R. Ludewig, J. LaLlave, “Professional Stress, Discrimination and Coping Strategies: Similarities and Differences between Female and Male Judges in Switzerland”, in: U. Schultz, G. Shaw (eds.), Gender and Judging, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2013, pp. 233–252. | 2013 | Switzerland | Interviews and written questionnaire |
| C. Thomas, 2014 UK Judicial Attitude Survey. Report of findings covering salaried judges in England & Wales courts and UK Tribunals, London, UCL Judicial Institute, 2015. | 2014 | UK | UK Judicial Attitude Survey |
| K. A. Patel, S. S. Rajderkar, J. D. Naik, V. S. Behere, A study of certain correlates of job satisfaction among judicial personnel, in a district of Western Maharashtra. Indian Journal Occupational & Environmental Medicine 18(2), 2014, pp. 68–74. | 2014 | India | Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI); ICMR Psychological Stress Questionnaire Scale |
| C. Thomas, 2016 UK Judicial Attitude Survey. Report of findings covering salaried judges in England & Wales courts and UK Tribunals, London, UCL Judicial Institute, 2017. | 2016 | UK | UK Judicial Attitude Survey |
| B. Fonseca, Riscos Psicossociais e Engagement nos Magistrados do Ministério Público: Uma relação moderada pelo capital psicológico, Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Católica Portuguesa para obtenção do grau de mestre em Psicologia e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Humanos, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2017. | 2017 | Portugal | Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ); Utrecht Work Engagement Scale; PsyCap Questionnaire |
| C. Na, T. Choo, J. A. Klingfuss, The causes and consequences of job-related stress among prosecutors. American Journal of Criminal Justice 43 pp. 329–353. | 2018 | USA | Self-reported survey questionnaires on work-related stressors, work stress, job satisfaction, and turnover intention; Unstructured in-depth interviews |
| G. Du, M. Yu, A Questionnaire Survey of Chinese Judges’ Job Satisfaction. China Justice Observer, 2018. | 2018 | China | Questionnaire survey |
Table 2
Working conditions assessed categories/variables.
| Papers | Working conditions categories/variables | Health impacts (stress, (ansiety) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Work intensity | Working time quality | Social environment | Skills and discretion | Prospects | Earnings | Physical environment | ||
| J. P. Ryan, A. Ashman, B. D. Sales, S. Shane-DuBow, American Trial Judges: Their Work Styles and Performance, New York and London, The Free Press, 1980. | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| J. M. Rogers, S. Freeman, P. Lesage, The Occupational Stress of Judges. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 36(5) pp. 317–322. | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| T. D. Eells, C. R. Showalter, Work-Related Stress in American Trial Judges. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 22(1) pp. 71–83. | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| I. M. Gomme, M. P. Hall, Prosecutors at work: role overload and strain. Journal of Criminal Justice, 23(2) pp. 191–200 | x | x | ||||||
| M. Lipp, M. Tanganelli, Stress e Qualidade de Vida em magistrados da Justiça do Trabalho: Diferenças entre Homens e Mulheres. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica 15(3) pp. 537–548. | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| S. Roach Anleu, K. Mack, The professionalization of Australian magistrates: Autonomy, credentials and prestige. Journal of Sociology 44 pp. 185–203. | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| A. Wallace, K. Mack, S. Roach Anleu, Everyday Work in the Magistrates Courts: Time and Tasks. Journal of Judicial Administration, 21(1) pp. 34–53. | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| S. Roach Anleu, K. Mack, Gender, judging and job satisfaction. Feminist Legal Studies 17(1) pp. 79–99. S. Roach Anleu, K. Mack, Job satisfaction in the Judiciary. Work, Employment and Society 28(5) pp. 683–701. S. Roach Anleu, K. Mack, Judicial Performance and experiences of judicial work: findings from socio-legal research. Oñati Socio-Legal Series, 4(5) pp. 1015–1040. K. Mack, S. Roach Anleu, The National Survey of Australian Judges: An overview of findings. Journal of Judicial Administration 18(1) pp. 5–21. K. Mack, S. Roach Anleu, Skills for Judicial Work: Comparing Women Judges and Women Magistrates”, in: U. Schultz, G. Shaw (eds.), Gender and Judging, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2013, pp. 211–229. | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| S. L. Lustig, K. Delucchi, L. Tennakoon, B. Kaul, D. L. Marks, D. Slavin, Burnout and Stress Among United States Immigration Judges. Bender’s Immigration Bulletin 13 pp. 22–30. S. L. Lustig, K. Delucchi, L. Tennakoon, B. Kaul, D. L. Marks, D. Slavin, Inside the Judges’ Chambers: narrative responses from the national association of immigration judges stress and burnout survey. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 23 pp. 57–83. | x | |||||||
| D. M. Flores, M. K. Miller, J. Chamberlain, J. T. Richardson, B. H. Bornstein, Judges’ Perspectives on Stress and Safety in the Courtroom: An Exploratory Study. Court Review: The Journal of the American Judges Association 45 (3) pp. 76–89. | x | x | x | |||||
| M. S. Ciocoiu, M. Cojocaru, S. V. Ciocoiu, Implications of levels of stress factors in the magistrate’s activity. Romanian Biotechnological Letters 15(3) pp. 126–133. M. S. Ciocoiu, M. Cojocaru, S. V. Ciocoiu, Stress related manifestations regarding magistrates. Romanian Biotechnological Letters 15(3) pp. 134–141. | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| F. Tsai, C. Chan, Occupational stress and burnout of judges and procurators. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 83 pp. 133–142. | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |
| P. Darbyshire, Sitting in Judgment. The working lives of Judges, Oxford and Portland, Oregon, Hart Publishing, 2011. | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| A. C. Ferreira, J. P. Dias, M. Duarte, P. Fernando, A. Campos, Alfredo, Quem são os nossos magistrados? Caracterização profissional dos juízes e magistrados do Ministério Público em Portugal, Coimbra, CES/UC. 2014 <https://estudogeral.sib.uc.pt/bitstream/10316/86801/1/Relat%c3%b3rio%20Final%20Quem%20s%c3%a3o%20os%20nossos%20magistrados%202014.pdf> [accessed 21 April 2020]. | x | x | x | x | ||||
| R. Ludewig, J. LaLlave, “Professional Stress, Discrimination and Coping Strategies: Similarities and Differences between Female and Male Judges in Switzerland”, in: U. Schultz, G. Shaw (eds.), Gender and Judging, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2013, pp. 233–252. | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| C. Thomas, 2014 UK Judicial Attitude Survey. Report of findings covering salaried judges in England & Wales courts and UK Tribunals, London, UCL Judicial Institute, 2015. | x | X | x | x | X | x | x | |
| K. A. Patel, S. S. Rajderkar, J. D. Naik, V. S. Behere, A study of certain correlates of job satisfaction among judicial personnel, in a district of Western Maharashtra. Indian Journal Occupational & Environmental Medicine 18(2) pp.68–74. | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| C. Thomas, 2016 UK Judicial Attitude Survey. Report of findings covering salaried judges in England & Wales courts and UK Tribunals, London, UCL Judicial Institute, 2017. | x | x | x | x | X | x | x | |
| B. Fonseca, Riscos Psicossociais e Engagement nos Magistrados do Ministério Público: Uma relação moderada pelo capital psicológico, Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Católica Portuguesa para obtenção do grau de mestre em Psicologia e Desenvolvimento de Recursos Humanos, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 2017. | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| C. Na, T. Choo, J. A. Klingfuss, The causes and consequences of job-related stress among prosecutors. American Journal of Criminal Justice 43 pp. 329–353. | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||
| G. Du, M. Yu, A Questionnaire Survey of Chinese Judges’ Job Satisfaction. China Justice Observer, 2018. | x | x | x | |||||