Table 1
Comparison of pricing and non-pricing (contractual) leverages.
| PRICING LEVERAGES | CONTRACTUAL LEVERAGES | |
|---|---|---|
| create… | a non-neutral pricing structure | a non-neutral contractual structure |
| by influencing… | e.g., commission fee, service fee, subscription fee | e.g., the distribution of contractual duties, rights and risks, access to platform services, micro-management |
| in forms of… | subsidy (for one side) and markup (for another side) | favourable terms (for one side) and unfavourable terms (for another side) |
| favouring… | users with less economic dependence (e.g., that are more sensitive to changes of prices, or with a higher degree of multi-homing) | |
| exploiting… | users with more economic dependence (e.g., that are less sensitive to changes of prices, or with a lower degree of multi-homing) | |